JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

—*•©»«-

Part II.— NATURAL SCIENCE.

No. I.— 1891.

I. — On certain Spiders which mimic Ants. — By Surgeon J. H. Tull

Walsh, I. M. S.

[Received 25th February ; read 4th March ]

Whoever has studied the structure and habits of the various genera
of the Formicidce must have been struck by the “ fitness ” which these
little creatures possoss for “ the struggle for existence.” Even in those
individuals with a rudimentary and useless sting there are still the
powerful biting mandibles, the acid poison which can be ejected, often
to a considerable distance, on to the enemy and various protective
odours, such as those secreted by the anal glands of most of the Doli-
choderidce. The pangolin and other ant-eaters certainly cause havoc
among the ants who make their dwellings in the ground, but smaller
animals and birds cannot attack ants with impunity, and it is noticeable
that the ants most frequently mimicked live and feed on trees. Such
being the case the ant is well protected, and any other creature that,
by an accident of natural selection, resembled an ant in form and colour
would have obtained an advantage through this resemblance, all uncon-
scious as regards the individual but conscious, if one may use such an
expression, in relation to the orderly complexity of nature. The ad-
vantageous resemblance would, according to generally accepted laws, be
transmitted and strengthened until the mimic reaped the full benefit
accruing from its likeness to the ants among which it lived. Such
instances of mimierv are seen among a certain sub-family of spiders,

1

2

J. H. Tull Walsli — On certain Spiders which mimic Ants. [No. 1,

the Attidoe. These spidors, ant-like in form, and partially ant-liko in
habit, do not spin webs for the purpose of catching prey, but, wandering
about in company with the ants they resemble, spring upon their vic-
tims from behind, (hence called by some Entomologists Saltigradai) .
Their home is generally fixed to the under surface of a leaf and consists
of a small oval, whitish, silky nest just big enough to accommodate the
spider. Attention has been drawn to the presence of these spiders in
America* and Africaf ; Mr. Wood-Mason collected two or three speci-
mens in Assam some years ago and Mr. ItothneyJ notes the occurrence
of a Salticus in company with Sima rufo-nigra in the neighbourhood of
JBarrackpur. I have found these spider mimics in Orissa, and also in
and near Calcutta, and have, during the last eighteen months, collected or
acquired some eight or ten species or varieties belonging to genera of
the sub-family Attidce. With one or two exceptions all these spiders
were found hunting with the ants they so closely resemble. The two
most common are a variety of Salticus formicarius Linn, which mimics
Sima rufo-nigra Jerd. and a pretty Salticus (sp. ?) which may bo found in
company with Ocophylla smaragdina Eabr. whoso nests are extremely
common on the trees in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Sibpur.

The resemblance in form and colour is so great that collectors
havo been deceived, and indeed except with a lens it is difficult often to
say which is the ant and which is the spider ; but at the same time it
must be remembered that the likeness is greater when both are alive
and moving than when the dead spider is compared with the dead ant.
While the body in most sub-families of spiders is short and rounded
with a constriction only between the cephalothorax and the abdomen,
the mimic has a long thin body like that of an ant. There is a partial
constriction marking off the cephalic from the thoracic portion of the
cephalothorax, and that part of the spider’s body which joins the cepha-
lothorax to the abdomen is drawn out into a pedicle having on its upper
surface nodes mimicking closely thoso on a ant’s pedicle. The colour-
ing of the spider is also a more or less correct imitation of that of the
ant. A superficial resemblance could hardly go farther, but there is a
still more wonderful point to notice. The spider has four pair of legs
and no antennse ; the ant has three pair of legs and a pair of long an-

* Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. Yol. XXIII.

Belt “ Naturalist in Nicaragua,” p. 314.

Peckham Protective Resemblances in Spiders.” I have not been able to read
this in the original and know of it only from references found in Poulton’s “ The
Colours of Animals.”

t J. P. Mansel Weale Nature Vol iii. p. S08.

t Jour. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. V, p, 44.

3

1891.] J. H. Tall Walsh — On certain Spiders which mimic Ants.

tennse which are generally kept in motion as the little animal runs
along. In adapting themselves to circumstances, the spiders have
learned to use their first pair of legs to represent antenna;. In all the
cases that I have noticed, the spider when moving holds its first pair of
legs aloft to simulate antenna;, and certainly in the case of a Salticus
(sp. F) which mimics Oamponotus micans Mayr these legs are kept in
continual motion. On one of the bottles presented to me by Mr. J .
Wood-Mason I find the following note made at the time the spiders were
captured : —

“ (Oachar, J. W.-M.) smaller one mimics and runs about with a
little brown ant carrying its palpi like the open mandibles of the ants,
and its first pair of legs off the ground and elbowed, as the ants do their
antennae.”

This note draws attention to another curious resemblance which
is produced by the flattening of the terminal joint of the palpi.
In the spider found by Mr. Wood- Mason and in several other species,
this formation occurs and the falces, which are small, are partly hidden
by the palpi. In other species and notably in Salticus formicarins the
palpi are small and the resemblance to mandibles is produced by the
large flattened first joint of the falces ; thus the same end, as far as the
resulting mimicry is concerned, is attained by two very different mor-
phological variations. Belt (Z. c.) notices the fact that in the Nicaraguan
species the fore-legs are raised from the ground and J. P. Mansel Weale
(Z. c.) makes some interesting remarks which I will quote. He says : — •

“ The most perfect cases of mimicry I know of are two spiders
(specific nature unknown to me) which have the closest resemblance to
ants. They belong to the Salticidce and are apparently related to Salticus
formicarins. The one is smooth black and shining and runs rapidly on
the ground and bark of trees, and resembles the ant which builds its
nest in Acacia horrida and is used by the Kafirs for the purposes of
torture. The other is larger and has its cephalothorax dull black and
its abdomen covered with short yellowish hairs. It is generally found
running on the stems of herbaceous plants and small bushes and closely
resembles an ant found in similar situations. The fore-legs in both
species are larger than the second pair are frequently held up when
they closely resemble the antennas of ants.”

As a general rule therefore most observers agree that the first
pair of legs is used to simulate antennae, but an exception must be noted.
E. G-. Peckham (l. c.) records that an American species Synageles
picata “ holds up its second pair of legs to represent antennae.” This
peculiarity of habit has appai'ently produced or been produced by a
change in the relative length of the legs in this species. The general

4

W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Eugano. [No. 1,

formula for the Attidai seems to be 4, 1, 3, 2 ; the fourth pair of legs being
the longest and the second pair the shortest. In Synageles picata the
formula, to judge from a figure ( l . c.), is 4, 2, 3, 1. Synemosyna formica,
another American spider observed by Peckham, has the usual formula,
but is said to use its second pair of legs as antenme !

I have mentioned that the spiders are probably protected from
birds and other enemies by their resemblance to ants, but there can be
no doubt that frequently they also thereby gain another very consider-
able advantage. The ants with which these spiders “ most do congre-
gate ” are fairly omnivorous feeders, but shew a decided preference for
sweet juices often to be found exuding from trees, fruit or flowers. To
these juices como also flies, small beetles and other insects which form
the natural prey of the spider, and which do not, under the circum-
stances, particularly fear the ants. Thus while the flies are sucking
up sweetness in company with the ants, the spider is no doubt able,
under cover of his disguise, to approach near enough to make a spring
upon his unsuspecting victim and fix his sharp falces into its body.
As regards the ants themselves, they do not seem to take any particular
notice of the spiders, and do not apparently attack them. One spider, a
mimic of Ocophylla smaragdina was found by me in a nest of these ants
with its little silky shelter attached to one of the leaves which formed
part of the abode of probably the most fierce of all the ants found in
Bengal. It may also be supposed that the spider does not attack or
annoy the ants.

II. A List of the Butterflies of Engano, with some Remarks on the
Danaidee. — By William Doherty, Cincinnati, U. 8. A. Com-
municated by the Natural History Secretary.

[Received 21st February, 1891, read 4th Haroh, 1891.]

(With Plate I, figs. 1 — 4.)

The long parallel lines of upheaval which characterize Burma are
continued far into the Malayan region in the form of three great chains
of islands and mountains. The most eastern of these, and the oldest,
being chiefly composed of primitive rocks, consists of the Malay
Peninsula, itself built up of several parallel ranges, the Riouw and
I J i n gg a groups, Banka and Billiton. The most western includes the
Audamans and Nicobars, and the line of islands which may be called
the Nias group, lying west of Sumatra, extending perhaps to west-
ern Java. Between these two the large island of Sumatra has been
formed, probably in times goologically receut. No doubt some parts
of Sumatra are composed of older rocks, but till the great volcanic up-

1891.] W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano.

5

heaval occurred, its place was probably occupied by a few isolated is-
lets, and to this day its fauna is chiefly made up of immigrants from the
Malay Peninsula, and in the extreme south-west from Java, the number
of endemic species being small. To understand the faunal relations of
the Nias Islands, one must eliminate all idea of Sumatra from the mind.
Until quite recent times, their relations were, I think, wholly with Java
on the one side and the Nicobars on the other.

The Nias Islands lie like a broken breakwater along the western
coast of Sumatra, in a line between five and six hundred miles in length,
from Pulo Babi to South Pageh. They are separated from Sumatra by
a deep channel nearly a hundred miles in breadth, but in two places
more or less bridged by islands. Their united area is now only about
6000 square miles, equal to that of Yorkshire. But they seem to be the
remains of a much larger mass of land. The deep sea that surrounds
them swallows up all the alluvium from their streams; the tremendous
surf on their western shore steadily undermines their hills, and under
this process the islands have long been wearing away.

Engano lies much further south, and is wholly surrounded by deep
sea, in which it might long ago have disappeared but for the coral reefs
that protect most of its coast. It is only eighty miles from Sumatra, to
which it has no faunal resemblance whatever. On the other hand, it is
180 miles from South Pageh in the Nias group, and 210 from Java. But
on the side of Java there is only open sea, while on that of Nias there
are three or four reefs and islets, and as might bo expected from this,
Engano may be zoologically considered as as an outlying member of the
Nias group, with certain Javan affinities.

An excellent description of the people and products of Engano has
lately appeared in the Tijdschrift van Nederlandsch Indie, but so little
is said of the island itself, that I may be permitted a few remarks on the
subject. The area seems to be incorrectly stated ; it is about a hundred
and twenty square miles. The eastern coast is low and flat, bordered in
places by mangrove swamps. The western, where the hills attain a
height of nearly a thousand feet, descends precipitously into a
narrow lagoon filled with branching corals and coral-haunting fishes,
and on the reef beyond, the surf of one of the bluest and deepest of seas
beats continually with such violence that the whole island seems to
shake under it. Engano seems now to be sinking ; it has formerly been
more or less submerged. A shell of coral rock covers almost the whole
of it, thick over the eastern lowlands, thinning gradually to the west-
ward, so that the streams generally break through it there, and flow
through deep gorges. In some places the crust has given way so as to
form deep little round dells, with stalactite caves piercing their sides,

G

W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano. [No. 1,

and a subterranean stream roaring at the bottom, hidden by dense vege-
tation. The people believe these places to be haunted by evil spirits,
and when I wanted to be lowered into one to look for shells in the caves,
they all objected most vehemently.

Beneath the coral, the rock seems everywhere a coarse, friablo sand-
stone. If the Nias islands consist generally of this soft rock, it will go
far to explain their present fragmentary state.

Until the present generation, the population consisted of a number
of hostile tribes, and the older men are still proficient in the use of the
spear, and delight in mimic battles and dramatic representations of the
surprise of a sleeping enemy. In recent times native vessels have taken
to coming to Pulo Dua, two small islands a mile or two off the western
coast, for cargoes of cocoa-nuts, and it is probably the growth of this trade
that broke down the tribal system. At present Javanese and Malays
have now settled in several villages, though Pulo Dua still remains their
headquarters, the plague of sandflies making life unendurable to them
on the main island. It is to the trading vessels that the Enganese also
owe the introduction of diseasos that are rapidly killing them off. An
outbreak of small-pox carried off all the inhabitants of the two villages
near the southern end of the island, and to this day this district is called
the Laud of Ghosts, and no Enganese will set foot on it. No alcoholic
liquors have been brought to Engano ; whether this is owing to the pre-
cautions of the Dutch, or the religious scruples of the Sumatran traders, I
do not know. But syphilis was introduced many years ago, and through
it the race has lost all reproductive power. In some of the villages
there are hardly any children, and the area of cultivated land decreases
every year. The Dutch government, I believe, now contemplates leasing
the island to capitalists, and in another century it seems likely that the
natives will be entirely replaced by Javanese coolies working under
European supervision.

The islanders are of about the same degree of civilization as the
Nicobarese. Till lately they are said to have gone about almost naked,
and their island is always called Pulo Telanjang or the Naked Island by
the Malays. They grow no rice, nor do they make use of the pandanus
and cycas as food like the Nicobarese. They make little temporary
clearings, surrounded by a stout fence to keep out wild pigs. Their
staple food is the taro or lealadi,* which they call ayudapa. They also
have plantains, papayas and pumpkins, and eat quantities of cocoa-nuts,
and drink the water in the nuts, the springs near the coast being usually
brackish. They also draw toddy from the tree, though its use is not

# Oar word Oalladium, though it looks Greek enough, is derived from this, the
Malay name of the plant.

7

1891.] W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Enga.no.

habitual as in the Nicobars. They keep fowls and a few pigs, feeding
both on cocoa-nuts, and are expert in spearing fish and turtle. Thanks
to this abundant diet and the rarity of famines, they have lost the
woodman’s instincts, and are little better acquainted with the forest and
its vegetable and animal products, than are the rice-growing Malays of
Borneo and Sumatra, who scarcely know the names of the commonest
trees.

Their origin will perhaps puzzle future investigators. Though
their physiognomy is odd and characteristic, they seem to be more or
less allied to the Nicobarese, but without the negrito strain which seem-
ed to me obvious in some members of that race. The theory has been
advanced that the Nicobarese are of Shan or Siamese blood, no doubt
on philological grounds, as there is no personal resemblance. On the
other haud, the Malays are physically almost indistinguishable from the
Siamese, and may roughly be defined as a Shan people, just touched
with Polynesian blood in a few localities, and speaking a Polynesian
language slightly mongolized.

A list of Euganese words is given in the article I have mentioned.
The enunciation is curiously different from the Malay, and is difficult
to follow, the vowels appearing to be uttered in several different tones,
as in Shan or Chinese. As in Nicobarese, euphony is spoilt by the ex-
cessive number of imperfect k’s and ng’s (the French n nasal). These
consonants, which rarely occur in Polynesian languages, except the
Malay, are generally absent in the personal and place-names, which
usually have a strikingly Polynesian air. I spent much of my time at
Kayapu, where Pahakela (the p is always pronounced halfway between
a p and an /) was chief : the names would be natural in New Zealand or
Hawaii.

There seem to be no indigenous mammals on the island except bats,
wild pigs and a Paradoxurus. This absence of four-footed enemies may
have been one cause of the excessive multiplication of birds. One sees
more birds in a day in Engano, than in a month in Borneo or Sumatra,
and coming from the latter island I was struck with their exceeding
tameness. I saw four sorts of parrots and three of pigeons ; the latter
are never out of sight, the former keep up a deafening noise all day.
The species seem generally different from the Sumatran, and no doubt
some are undescribed. I think an ornithologist could do good work in
Engano.

I think I got nine or ten sorts of land shells of which the greater
number must be new. My small collections of moths and beetles were
sent to England. The striking features of the latter were the prevalence
of Elateridce and the extreme rarity of Phyllophaga. No Cassida was
taken at all.

8

W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Eng ano. [No. 1,

Frogs, toads, snakes and lizards all abounded, and it is evident that
the island has been at one time connected with the mainland, especially
as a true cyprinoid fish appears to occur in the stroams of the highlands.
The coral crust does not imply the entire submergence of the island,
while the number of peculiar butterflies shows its long isolation.

The forest is finest on the western coast, where the coral crust is
thin or broken. The vegetation is there nearly as grand as on the
mountain slopes of Sumatra. This side of the island is evidently very
rainy. Even the comparatively barren eastern coast seems well suited to
some plants, and in some places the pandani, which do not form thickets
by themselves, as in the Nicobars, but grow among other trees, reach a
surprising height, one I saw being fully a hundred feet high.

I caught fifty-eight kinds of butterflies, and saw two or three more
on the day I landed. Three days of heavy rain followed, after which
insects wore scarce, and I obtained good sets of only a few species.
The heavy forests of the interior scarcely produced anything but Cyres-
tis periander, Mycalesis mineus, Amathusia amythaon, Eooxylides tharis,
and Paragerydus unicolor. Most of the peculiar Danaidce occurred only
close to the shore. Examination of the inland forest at another season
may produce true endemic species, such as have been found in Nias.
Should any future collector visit the island, I recommend liua-bua, near
the western coast, as the best collecting ground, and April or May as the
best season. My own visit was in September, 1890, and lasted three
weeks.

The species are mostly local forms of widely spread species. I have
felt obliged to give names to thirteen of them, including nearly all of
the Danaidoe, and these should in most cases rather be called sub-
species than species, but as I always give the name of the parent form,
this ought to cause no difficulty. My types will be placed in the
collection of the Hon. L. W. Rothschild. I have endeavoured to make
in the text such comparisons as I could with the species taken by Herr
Kheil in Nias, but I find it difficult to sum up the results.

While I have a few criticisms to make on Mr. Moore’s woll-known
monograph of the Danaidoe,* I do not wish to appear ungrateful for the
help he has there given to all students of this group. Though some
have objected, he seems to have done right in giving names to the nu-
merous subdivisions he has made. At the same time, most of them
seem scarcely worthy of a higher rank than that of subgenera, and some
are founded on minute and unreliable characters. + His classification

* In the Proceedings of the Zoologioal Society for 1883.

t Such as the rudimentary recurrent vein in the cell of the forewing, a feature

9

1891.] W, Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Lugano.

is dubious, and some of his species worse than dubious. But in any
case he has let a flood of light into one of the darkest corners of ento-
mology, and all future work in this family must start from his as a base.

I do not see any reason for accepting his term Euploeince, instead of
the commonly received Danaiclce or Danaince. The name Danaus neces-
sarily falls, having been used for Pieridoe. But Danaida and Danais are
both older than Limnas, and there can be no similar objection to them.
Mr. Scudder, with his usual conscientiousness, has adopted Danaida,
the earlier of the two names. But I think his verdict may be reason-
ably traversed on the ground of the irregular formation of Danaida and
the universal use of Danais. It can hardly be seriously maintained
that the latter name cannot be used on account of its resemblance to
Danaus. So the group obviously remains the Danaidce (or Danaince ),
the genus Danais, and its type plexippus* Anosia falling before it.

Mr. Moore’s primary division of the family is into two groups, the
Limnaina, including Danais and llestia, and the Euploeina including

whioh seems to vary in different specimens. Mahintha was founded on a local race
of Euplcea core. E. simulatrix was placed first in Vadchra ( Crastia ) and then in
Menama, though it obviously cannot come, into either, or into the “ section ” in
which both are plaoed.

* The name now applied to a butterfly known to every American farmer as
archippus. These useless changes of name now so much insisted on, especially by
American naturalists, are bringing scientific nomenclature into well-doserved dis-
repute among all outsiders. Surely thore ought to be a Btatute of limitations j
security that some one, turning over musty volumes of pre-scientifio times, shall not
make all existing works obsolete. At present we stop short at Linnsons. This is
purely an arbitrary line. The next generation will perhaps go back to Ray and
Swammerdam ; with the aid of a little zeal and imagination quite a number of
generic names can be found in their books. The first false step taken was the
acceptation of Hiibner’s childish work as an authority. There was Adolias, a genus
described by such a profound and discriminating writer as Boisduval, and accepted
by all naturalists. Finally, some one discovered that a few years before the date
of Boisduval’s great work, Hiibner, a contemporary, not of Linnaans, but of Latreille,
had invented a genus Euthalia, described merely as “ dark with white and red
spots,” containing lubentina and adonia, and plaoed in an imaginary family, prettily
named die FrBhliche or The Joy fill Ones E. aconthea, and E. evelina (tho latter along
with an African Aterica and a European Apaturu ) were at the same time placed
in different genera of another imaginary family called die Muntere, or The Lively
Ones. And so, to the confusion of naturalists all over the world, Euthalia took the
place of Adolias. Lepidopterists have yielded to an infinity of similar changes. It
remains to be seen whether coleopterists will be equally submissive. Mr. Crotch
now proposes to alter the names of a number of the best-known genera of beetles,
names consecrated by a century of use. I cannot help wishing his opponents all
success in the struggle against ce mdencontreux droit de priority, as M Deyrolle
calls it.

2

10

W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of JEngano. [No. 1,

Eupluia and Uamadryas. The only difference mentioned, is that in the
former there is usually a precostal cell in the hindwing, wanting in the
latter. Now, it is true, an obscure rudiment of one is present in some
species, but better distinctions can easily be found. Uamadryas pro-
bably does not belong to this family, but to the Neotropidce.* Hestia
has undoubted affinities with Danais in its neuration and markings, but
in its anal tufts, its egg, and the structure of its feet, it is more like
Euploea, while its antennas show how remote it is from either. So I
would suggest the following classification instead of Mr. Moore’s.

Tarsi with large paronychia and pulvillus. Anal tufts two or four.

Antennai filiform, Hestia Group.
„ clavate, Eupliea Group.

Tarsi with rudimentary paronychia and pulvillusf. Anal tufts two.

Danais Group.

Mr. Butler, to whom we owe the classification of the Euplceas by
the male marks, accepted, as all previous writers had done, Cramer’s
core as the type of the genus, and formed the genus Macroploea, with elisa
as its type, applying Hiibner’s name Crastia to climena and its allies.
This arrangement has been generally adopted, and it is most unfortunate
that Mr. Moore should alter all three names on what may be called
archaeological grounds. Gore has been accepted for a century as the

* I do not know whether Schatz’s name can stand, as it is not derived from
that of any genus, and has no type. The name Erycinidce has been dropped by some
writers for this reason, the generic name Erycina having been superseded.

t The appendages of the last joint of the tarsi of butterflies are, 1st, the claws,
2nd, the paronychia, 3rd, the pulvillus with its shield. The paronychia are taotile
organs, one on each side of the foot, slendor and flexible (not jointed as some
writers have said), covered with short sensitive hairs or papilla. In most cases
they are split into two long flngor-like process, the longer following the course of
the claws, the shorter curling round the edge of the pulvillus-sheatb, obviously with
the object of examining the surfaces touohed by these two organs. The pulvillus
is a soft, muscular projection, resembling an additional tarsal joint, but not armour-
olad like the others. It is evidently intended to act as a buffer, to break the
shock of alighting, and no doubt owes its name pulvillus , or cushion, to this func-
tion. Its lateral surface is sensitive, with papillm like those on the paronychia.
Bnt its lower surface is oovered with a round oorneous plate, or shield, which no
doubt acts as a sucker, flexible in life, slightly concave in the middle. This is
easily detaohed in dried specimens.

Now in certain butterflies of aerial habits like Danais, the claws have been
greatly lengthened, so that the pulvillus did not touch the surface on alighting.
I hus losing all function, it has shrunk into a small, hard, inflexible mass. The
paronychia have similarly lost their use, and remain in various stages of obso-
lescence. they are still distinct in Ideopsis, and retain their bifid shape, though too
small to be of use.

11

1891.] W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano.

type of Euplma, and although it would be more pedantically accurate
to follow Fabricius rather than Cramer, it seoms a pity to confine the
use of Euploea to two or three species (with their local forms) forming
a small aberrant genus, now well-known as Macroplcea, while hundreds
of species cluster around core as their natural type and centre. Macro-
plcea (Mr. Moore's Euploea) is a true genus, and must be ultimately
recognized as such. But unless we accept M. Moore’s little groups as
genera, we must find some general name for the large mass of species
remaining. It is unlikely that naturalists will consent to call them all
Grastia. Surely they had better keep the name of Euploea as before,
with Grastia (= Vadehra* Moore) as a subgenus under it.

As to the position of the family as a whole, I understand that Mr.
Scudder now gives it a low one, below the Apaturido), Nymphalidce and
Satyr idee. Much, however, may be said in favour of retaining it at the
head of butterflies. The shoulder plates are in most butterflies shaped
more or less like a human foot as seen from the side, having a long
posterior process. It is only in the Danaidce and the Acrmidm that they
are simply semicircular in shape (in the Danaido e more than half a circle)
without the posterior process. The process is also greatly reduced in
Cynthia aud Cethosia, the nearest genera of the Apaturidce, while in the
lower forms of the Tetrapoda, the plate greatly resembles that of other
butterflies. The long claws of the Danaidce, culminating in Banais
with its aborted paronychia, may also show a higher development than
other Tetrapoda. But they are also found in the Papilios, and seem to
go along with a prolonged and aerial flight. The fore-feet of the male
still retain the tarsus, which is lost in most Neotropidm ( Ithomiadm ),
but it is less developed than in the Morphidm and most other higher
butterflies.

The striking feature of the Danaidm, however, is the more perfect
development of the fore-feet of the female into sensory organs much
resembl ing the antennae, but set with highly specialized tactile hairs or
papillae. I have taken a good many notes on this subjoct, on which so
far as I know nothing has yet been written, and when they are more
complete, I hope to publish them. So far as examination has yet shown
me, there seems to be a gradual development upwards from the Morphidce,
in which the joints arc tapering, the last the slenderest, with a conspicu-
ous pulvillus and rudimentary claws with their appertaining hairs.
In the higher groups, these tarsi become less and less like a foot, and

* Mr. Moore applied this name to two different genera of butterflies in the same
issue of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

t These also occur in all Tetrapoda, and in some other groups, as the Nemeo-
biadtc, but arc there few and small.

t

12

W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano. [No. 1,

more and more like a palpus. Tho 8 atyridoe and Nymphalidoe are
more developed in this respect than the Morphidce, and the Apaturidce
much more. The Neolropidce according to Mr. Godman have the fore-
tarsi of the female not elavate, and hence probably less developed.
In the Danaidce and the nearest Apaturidce ( Cethosia and Cynthia),
they attain their largest development. This can hardly be an organ
of touch, because these feet are poorly provided with muscles, and
are capable of but little movement. It may be an organ of hearing,
hut it is more likely one of smell, correlated with the scent-producing
glands of tho male. It is significant that in the Neotropidce, where
this foot is more normal, the male has no anal tufts.

I think the special development of this organ, which is found in
all Tetrapod butterflies, though but little specialized in the lowest, is an
argument for the high rank of the Danaidce. But I am aware that the
feet of of butterflies often vary most irregularly, independently of the
general organism. The aborted forefoot of the male shows some such
inconsistencies, rudiments being, as Darwin has shown, eminently
variable. Melanitis and Bletognna in the Satyridce, many Pieridce, and
at least one genus of the Lyccenidce have the claws bifid. The number
of joints in the forefeet of female Tetrapods also varies. And in Pseuder-
golis, a genus of the Apaturidce, differing but little from its neighbours
in other points, the fore-tarsi of the female, though small, are quite
perfect, with claws, pul villus and bifid paronychia. This fact would
place it quite outside of the Tetrapod butterflies, near the Nemeoliadce,
if the feet offered really reliable characters.

The prehensors of tho Danaidce are chiefly remarkable for the
aborted uncus and the broad flat clasps. They do not vary much in the
different species ; most in Hestia and some kinds of Danais. My notes
are insuflicieut to permit me to generalize on the subject. It is remark-
able that the only species in which they are really very aberrant is
Danais aglaioides, where the clasps are prolonged downwards, and exposed
to view even in dried specimens. This butterfly is closely allied to D.
aglaia, differing chiefly in the shape of the wings, and they arc found
together over much of their range. It seems likely that in this case the
prehensors have been strongly differentiated to prevent hybridism, and
keep the species separate.*

* This may also be the case with the genus Lampides, where a number of pro-
tected species, remarkably alike in colour and markings, have the prehensors extremely
unlike, and so differently armed with hooks and pincers, that the union of different
species would presumably bring about serious consequenoes. Great confusion has
been caused here by the German lepidopterists, who have recently figured a great
many species with very brief descriptions, and no account of the prohensors. The

13

1891.] W. Dolierty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano.

The egg also varies little in the Danaidce, and affords few characters
for classification. It is slightly like that of Libythea (which more re-
sembles that of the Pieridce), and is nearly identical with that of the
Acrceidce, and with those of Cynthia and Oethosia, the first genera of
the Apaturidce, which are again connected by several links with Ar-
gynnis, where the series seems to end. In the Danaidce it is large,
soft, cartridge-shaped, more than half again as high as wide, yellowish,
or sometimes pearl white. It has a variable number of upright ribs
anastomosing near the apex (where the reticulations are more or less
hexagonal over a varying extent of surface), and with horizontal cross-
lines varying greatly in number and in distinctness, and generally hard
to count. I append a list of species with the number of vertical ribs
on the egg of each, and with that of the cross-lines in parenthesis, when-
ever I know it. The numbers always vary slightly in the same species,
and that of the cross-lines can only be given approximately. The egg
of Nectaria and Macroploea I forgot to examine. That of Hestia is unlike
the others in having the reticulations more or less hexagonal, the ribs
being slightly zigzag. The figures support the idea that Hestia is nearer
Euplcea than Ddnais. It will be observed that in Danais (including
Ideopsis and Baden a, which are practically identical) the cross-lines are
usually more numerous than the ribs, while in Hestia and Euplcea they
are fewer, Stictoplcea coming near Hestia in this respect, as well as in
the anal tufts. The figures for Danais chrysippus and perhaps limniace

and tytia are doubtful.

Hestia Group. Hestia cadellii,

21 (14).

hadenii,

23 (14-15).

lynceus ,

21 (14).

Euplcea Group. Stictoplcea lacordairei,

27 (13).

Salpinx novarce,

26.

kollarii,

22-23 (20).

splendens,

22 (18-19).

Euplcea esperii,

26.

camorta,

31.

simulatrix,

30.

core,

34 (23-25).

inidamus,

24-25 (20).

alcathoe,

39 (26-27).

rhadamanthus, 21-23 (15).

pinwillii ,

26 (18).

Danais Group. Danais genutia,

32 (30).

revision of this genus, which is further complicated by the prevalence of local and
soasonal forms, will prove a heavy task to future naturalists.

14

[No. 1,

W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano.

Danais hegesippus,

31-34 (29-30).

nesippus.

34.

chrysippus,

34 (“ nearly 50 ” P).

gautamoides,

23-24.

limniace,

25 (25).

septentrionis,

19-21 (30).

melaneus,

16-18 (27).

larissa,

20-21 (30).

tytia,

20-21 (38).

nielanoleuca,

19 (22).

aglaia,

17 (26-27).

aglaioides,

15-16 (25).

Ideopsis daos,

15 (25).

Radena nicobarica,

16.

vxdgaris.

14-16 (25).

Next comes tlie vexed question of scent-glands. I was so dis-
couraged by the loss of all my notes on this and other structural matters
in 1887, that I have taken hut few since, so I cannot now speak with
much authority on the subject.

It seems probable that there is a disagreeable odour in all Danaidce,
apart from that of the anal tufts and alar glands. Though infinitely less
in strength than it is in the Agaristidue and other moths, it is still quite
perceptiblo on pinching soma species, such as Danais genutia, crocea and
vulgaris (which smolls of sorrel). In others I cannot make it out at all.
This smell is probably associated with a taste highly disagreeable to
spiders, chickens, etc. The results of my experiments made some years
ago in the Celebes, Java, etc., are now lost, but in the Malay Peninsula
I lately made a few on spiders, with the following results. Except in
the case of the first two species, they cannot be entirely trusted.

Species always rejected, Danais genutia ,

Badena vxdgaris,

Ornitlioptera ruficollis,

(only two offered).

Species sometimes rejected, Diipleea midamus ;

„ rhadamanthus,

Neptis varmona,

Cethosia hypsina,

Loxura atymnus,

Lampides cslianus.

Species never rejected, Neptis sp.

Athyma sp. etc.

It is to be observed that the Radenas are perhaps the most perfectly

15

1891.] W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano.

protected of the Danwidm, and yet they are not brightly coloured, they
have no alar scent-glands, and the anal tufts are the smallest in the
whole family, and give the least fragrance.

Apart from those producing the odour pervading the whole body,
four different classes of scent-glands have been pointed out.

The first are the impressed silky streaks of altered scales on the
forewings of some Euplceas, often called brands. Mr. Distant oddly
enough calls these pseudo-scent-glands, taking the falsity of their claims
for granted, while assuming to leave the question open. The marks in
question seem to consist of scales only, and 1 have not yet observed any
glands connected with them. Though not very conspicuous in some
cases, they may be addressed to the eye of the female, and help her to
recognize the male of her species. For odours vary but little in the
Ewploeas, and the amount of mimicry is so great that in most localities
there are several species similarly coloured but bearing different sex
marks. In any case these brands can hardly be protective, and the
assumption by some writers that a species furnished with them is better
protected, and more likely to be a mimicked than a mimicking form, is
without foundation.

The variously-coloured velvety patches on the hindwing of Trepsi-
chrois, Salpinx etc., are no doubt true scent-organs. In the case of
Trepsichrois midamus the odour is sometimes quite perceptible in the
detached hiudwing, while in Salpinx and Calliplcea it is apparently
excited by friction against the forewing. In some cases, such as Euplcea
oceanis, described below, the velvety area is on the underside of the
fore wing.

The “ pouches ” on the hind-wings of certain species of Danais,
such as T). Umniace, are probably true scent-organs, though neither Pro-
fessor Wood-Mason, who has given them special attention, nor my-
self, have been able to detect any odour. He has kindly shown me
a microscopic section of the pouch. The cavity is lined with a semi-
circle of long cylindrical cells radiating from it, their nuclei near their
inner ends, the outer wall of the mass thick and chitinous, the inner
membranous, with the attached scales aborted. According to Professor
Wood-Mason, the odour-giving fluid is presumably manufactured iu
these cells, and not merely drawn from the body and stored in them.
An account of these pouches, apparently made from the study of dried
specimens, has appeared in the work on the “ Duf tapparate indo-austra-
lischer Schmetterlinge,” by Dr. Erich Haase of Dresden.

Finally there are the abdominal tufts which we find in this family
alone of all butterflies. They resemble those of the Callidulidoe, but
are more specialized, though proportionately smaller than in these and

1(5

W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano. [No. 1,

many other moths.* They exist in a very rudimentary state in the
female, and can as in the male be forced to the surface by the action of
the fluids in the body. From some such small beginning, they have
grown to their greatest development, several stages of the process re-
maining as fixed characters in the different genera. The smallest tufts
occur in Radena vulgaris; they are much longer in R. juventa. The
greatest development of simple tufts occurs perhaps in TJhiphea ( Trepsi-
chrois ) midamus. In all the species of the Danais group the tufts are
simple and single, only in Tirumala the hairs are curled at the tips.
They are also simple in the majority of the old genus Euploea, and I limit
the name to these. The gland in all these consists, when protruded, of
a finger-like projection extending laterally on each side of the abdomen,
and bent round forwards (i. e., towards the head) in a semicircle, bearing
long odoriferous hairs to the very tip.

But in the genus Salpinx, as limited by Mr. Butler (including Mr.
Moore’s Salpinx, Isamia, Pademma, Satanga and Selinda, but not apparent-
ly Danisepa), and also in his genus Galliploea,\ while the gland is similar
(somewhat longer and more bent), the long hairs are gathered chiefly
around its base, the outer part being naked, except at the extreme tip,
where there is a brush of short, stiff bristles, sometimes coloured differ-
ently from the long basal hairs. This terminal brush is only seen when
the gland is fully protruded. The development of this form from the
first is obvious. This group is also large, but the number of species
seems to me to have been greatly exaggerated.

In more advanced forms, a new gland, generally somewhat shorter
than the other, has been pushed out from its hairy base on the ante-
rior side. In this case both glands are covered with hair to the tip,
the space between their bases being naked. This occurs in the genus
llestia, and apparently also in Macroploea and Stictoploea% as defined
by Mr. Butler.

Finally in the single genus Nectaria, while the posterior tuft
remains unchanged, the anterior or last developed one is again absorbed,
aud is represented by a microscopic tuft at the base of the other. This
can hardly be the incipient stage, as it is too small to be of any use, and
the nature of its origin is obviously as given above. It hence appears

# In most moths these tufts are attached to the prehensors or clasping-organs
of the male.

t Herr Georg Semper and Dr. Haase consider Galliploeu identical with
Euploea (i. e., Macroploea), but I cannot agree with them. Galliploea scarcely differs
from Salpinx.

X My drawings of the glands of Macroploea and Stictoplcea were lost in 1887,
and I have not examined those organs since. But my impression is that they are
very similar to those of Hestia , though somewhat less developed.

1891.] W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano.

17

that Nectaria has attained the furthest development in this regard, and
may still with good reason be retained at the head of the Danaulee, and
of all butterflies.

The following scheme will serve to show the relations of the genera
of this family. Mr. Moore’s genera may be reduced to subgenera,
though Parantiea and perhaps one or two others may be retained.

A. Feet with well-developed paronychia and pulvillus,

B. Forewing with a prediscoidal cell.

C. Anal glands four, two aborted, Nectaria.

C. Anal glands four, none aborted, Hestia.

B. Forewing with no prediscoidal cell.

C. Glands four (?), none aborted.

D. Forewing of male with no brand, ... MacropweA.
D. Forewing of male with two brands, ... Stictoplcea,

0. Glands two, tufts four, Salpinx.*

0. Glands ttvo, tufts two, Bupliea.

A. Feet with rudimentary paronychia and pulvillus.

B. Hindwing triangular, xvith scent-pouches, ...... Danais.

B, Hindwing triangular, without scent-pouches,... Radena.
B. Hindwing rounded, generally without scent-

pouches Ideopsis.

There seem to be grounds for believing that the scent-tufts in
the male serve three distinct purposes, 1st, to warn off enemies, 2nd, to
attract the female by colour, 3rd, to attract her by odour. f

1st. The odours given forth are in some cases unpleasant. In
Danais limmace, it is that of turmeric, and is downright disagreeable.
Other species of Danais have the peculiar aromatic fragrance charac-
teristic of so many protected Mediterranean plants. In the genus
Salpinx, in which the tufts reach their greatest development in size,
the odour, though exceedingly sweet, is almost overpowering. Now it
may at first sight seem absurd to say that the scout of honey may pro-
tect an insect from its enemies. But we know this to be sometimes
the ease. The male of the singular Hesperian, Galliana pieridoides has
assumed conspicuous white colours along with a delicious odour, the
female remaining dark and odourless. J The fine Malayan Morphid,

* Including Calliplaa.

+ Tlie odour is not always present, hut comes and goes, whether by the ex-
haustion of the supply, or hy the will of the insect, it would be interesting to learn.

1 have sometimes examined the tufts of several males one after the other, without
detecting the perfume.

1 Mr. de Nioeville reoently discovered tlie female, and it turned out to be dark,
as I had predicted.

3

18 W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engan o. [No. 1,

Melanocyma faunula, is saturated with sweet perfumes, and drifts feebly
about the country, foarless of enemies. The fragrant butterflies of the
genera Stichophtlialma and Tcenaris, though no doubt not so completely
protected, are so conspicuously coloured and fly so feebly, that one can-
not suppose them to be eaten by birds. The Ornithopteras, though I
have shown by experiment that they are protected from some enemies,
smell of nothing worse then petunias- I have heard that cattle will not
touch peppermint or pennyroyal, though the scent of those plants is so
pleasant to us. On the whole I do not doubt that slow-flying, brilliant-
ly-coloured insocts like Trepsichrois and Salpinx are more or less pro-
tected by their scent-tufts.

2nd. Colour in the tufts seems a later development than odour.
In Badena, where they are least developed, the tufts are of very
inconspicuous hues. In Danais they are usually not at all brilliant,
though it must be admitted that the odours are also less developed in
these. But in some species the hairs are curled,* and this may be an
ornamental development. In the Euploeas the growth of colour and
odour go on pari passu. The brilliant ochreous tufts of Trepsichrois
contrast finely with the black and shining blue of the wings, and are
visible from a long distance. This colour appears in a great many
species. In Salpinx the tufts are still larger, and the small terminal
pair are frequently coloured differently from the others. In Hestia the
anterior tuft seems usually coloured otherwise than the posterior, though
in H. cadellii they are both dull grey.

3rd. The great majority of the family smell of honey or of
flowers — vanilla, tuberoses, jasmine, etc., and outside of the Danais
group, the only aberrant perfume I can remember is that of winter-
green, f which is also found in butterflies of other families, and in Pyra-
lid and Geometrid moths. But honey- and flower-like smells are the
rule. This suggests the possibility that the odour-producing particles
may not be manufactured by the insects, but be derived directly from
the plants they frequent. At any rate the attractive scent must often
be identical with that of the flowers on which they feed. So that it
does not seem incredible that the female should sometimes be wooed
under false pretences, and led to expect a dinner instead of a lover.

Male Euploeas often meet in great swarms, haunting some particular
spot in the forest for many successive days, some perching on leaves and
flowers, but most circling slowly around, many of them displaying their
tufts, so that the air is noticeably permeated with their fragrance.
Many different species meet on these occasions, as if recognizing the

* This is also the case with a few Euplceas, such as alcathoe.

t The same smell is given out by several tropical plants.

19

1891.] W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano.

family relationship of all. The females may at the same time he lurk-
ing hard by in the jungle, though in smaller numbers, a few of them
sometimes joining in the flight of the males. I have often obsei-v-
ed males flying alone with expanded tufts, and I suppose they are trying
to attract the female from a distance, appealing rather to her sense of
smell than that of sight. In the presonce of the female, the male keeps
his tufts in continual action, and whether of dark or bright colours,
they may well be as attractive to her eyes, as the plumes of the cock
grouse or peacock are to his hens. The eyes of butterflies are so pro-
minent, that though the female never faces the male, but keeps gliding
on just before him in coy rotreat, I cannot think that any grace of his
escapes her notice. But her sight is probably not so strong as to re-
cognize these ornaments at a great distance. So that the attractive
colours are presumably intended to take effect at close quarters only,
while with a favourable wind the odour is no doubt perceptible far
away. I myself cannot generally make it out more than two or three
feet away. But the forefeet of female Banaidce seem to be developed
into a powerful organ of smell, and even apart from this, that sense
must be keen in all butterflies, since they are attracted from long
distances by the scent of flowers. And few flowers are so flagrant
as these insects.

List of Enganese Butterflies.

Family Dan aid.®,

1. Nectaria leuconoe, Erichson, var. engania. This slight variety
seems darker than the typical N. leuconoe, as figui’ed by Doubleday, just as
N. clara (as figured by Herr Semper) is much lighter. The base is but
slightly touched with creamy, and more so in the female than in the
male. The dark lines in the cell of the forewing are distinct, the black
transverse area there narrower and more quadrate than in leuconoe , the
discal dark markings aro more connected, and those on the hindwing are
more triangular, the wedge-shaped white spot near the lower angle of
the forewing is distinct, and in general the markings are very clearly
cut and distinctly outlined. The male has two large whitish abdominal
tufts, each with a minute rudiment of another near its outward base.

2. Macroi’Uka cokds, Fabricius, var. Micronesia. Somewhat re-
sembling M. corns (elisa), with the size and shape of ill. phaibus. Male,
forewing with the spots minute, one in the cell, seven in a bent discal
series, and ten submarginal dots. Hindwing with two or three discal,
and one or two subapical dots. Below, forewing with a dot in the cell,
two large discal Bpots with a dot below them, two subapical dots, and

20 W. Doherty— A List of the Butterflies of Engano. [No. 1,

a submarginal row of thirteen dots. Hipdwing with three discal dots
subapically, and fonr or five submargiual ones. The single female has
the spots still fewer and less conspicuous, the submarginal ones wanting
except at the aqiex.

As I took only two or three specimens, I can hardly describe this
form as a distinct species. It soems greatly to resemble M. semicirculus
from the Moluccas. The extreme smallness of the spots easily distin-
guishes it from M. plueretena, described by Herr Kheil from Nias. M.
plueretena (the name was perhaps intended as an anagram of phcenarete')
seems to be simply the female of M. phoebus, which he also includes in
his list of Nias butterflies.

3. . Salpinx phane, n. sp. Male, above rich velvety blue, resplen-
dent in some lights, the hindwing nearly equally brilliant, whereas in
S. novarce and 8. vestigiata it is all brown. Forewing, with one costal and
the usual interno-median pale blue spot, and a row of seven outer-discal
ones, of which the first three are united, the third the largest. Hind-
wing generally with two subapical spots. Below, rich violet brown ;
the spots are sometimes wholly wanting in both sexes, but generally one
or two remain subapically on the hindwing. The male before me has
five subapical spots in two series on the forewing and four larger ones
on the hindwing. The larger tufts are dark brown, the small terminal
ones whitish. The female is less richly coloured, the hindwing being
brown : there are two elongate blue spots in the interno-median space
of the forewing above.

This is a local form of 8. leucostictos, Gmelin, but it seems more dis-
tinct from the Javanese type than are either the Malaccan ( vestigiata )
or the Nicobarese ( novarce ) forms.

4. Euplcea (Trepsichrots) malakoni, n. sp. Male like 77 mulciber
but with the hindwing blue like the forewing, though less brilliant,
whereas in the other species it is brown. The odoriferous patch on the
hind wing occupies all the end of the cell, extending to the upper median
vein. The pale blue spots of the forewing, though variable, are few and
inconspicuous ; in the specimen before me there are only nine in all,
some very minute. The female varies greatly in the distinctness of
the spots, but in all cases the forewing has no trace of blue, which
distinguishes it from the other local forms of E. midamus. Tufts bright
yellow.

5. Euplcea (Crastia*) enganensis, n. sp. It greatly resembles

* Mr. Moore’s Vadebra.

21

1891.] W. Dolierty — A List of the Butterflies of Eugano.

E. climena from the Moluccas, and is near E. sepulchralis, Butler, from
Java, but with the forewing imperceptibly paler outwardly, while the
hindwing is very distinctly so, both above and below. Both sexes are rich
brown above, without any trace of bine ; the female has a single whitish
spot in the middle of the disc. Below, there are usually on the forewing,
one large violet-white spot in the cell, two or three snbapical dots, two
submarginally in the median spaces ; five discal ones, the lower two
larger and quadrate, the middle one slender, the upper two usually
minute. Hindwing with one spot in the cell, a semicircle of six beyond
it, then a carved series of about eight, (those below the middle median
vein minute or wanting), and four submarginal spots near the apex,
occasionally five or six. Tufts bright ochre.

This common species outwardly resembles Euplcea simulatrix,
Wood-Mason, from the Nicobars, which, however, has a large sex-mark,
somewhat as in Salpinx, on the hindwing above. Mr. Moore placed
this species first in Vadebra ( Grastia ) and then in Menama, where it
certainly does not belong.

6. Etjplcea (Crastia ?) oceanis, n. sp. Male. Above dark brown
with dull bluish reflections in some lights, the margin not visibly paler.
Below uniform dark violet-brown, the markings varying greatly, most
of them elongate but small. Porewing with one spot in the cell and
seven beyond it, the upper ones slender, sometimes minute ; a line of
five outer-discal spots, the upper ones frequently absent ; the female has
sometimes a sixth spot in the interno-median space, beyond tho line of
the others. Hindwing with a small spot in the cell, and a row of 6-7
larger ones beyond it, and then a very variable series of 5-10, all but the
first (which is sometimes absent) forming nearly a straight line : beyond
these there are generally a few submarginal dots, sometimes forming an
irregular line of ten.

The female has an obscure whitish spot in the cell of the forewing
above, and seven similar ones beyond it, the upper ones slender. Beyond
this the outer discal spots are slightly indicated. Hindwing with the
outer discal line of spots indicated in various degrees.

The form of the wing in this species is as in Mr. Moore’s genus
Oamatoba, but the sex-marlc is peculiar. The female has an elongate
white mark on the underside of the forewing, below the lower median
vein. Both sexes have the hind margin broadly whitish and shining
below the internal vein. In the male there is a slightly velvety grey-
brown patch of altered scales forming an elongate, quadrate mass, from
the internal vein nearly to the lower median, equally divided by the
wrinkle representing the submedian vein.

22 W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano. [No. 1,

This species can scarcely be included in any of Mr. Moore’s sub-
genera, and I know no described form resembling it. It was unluckily
out of season when I was in Engano, and I only got two or three in fair
condition, the rest being worn and faded.

7. Euplcea faiiakela, n, sp. Male, above, forewing rich brown,
not at all lighter outwardly ; hindwing paler brown, slightly darkening
near the margin ; a single “ brand ” like that of E. core ; no other
markings above in either sex. Below there is a rounded violet white
spot in the cell, and a larger pinkish one in the lowor median space,
one in the upper median space, and sometimes one in the space above.
Hindwing with a small spot in the cell, and 3-5 minute ones beyond it.
There are sometimes traces of obscure subapical and subanal dots. Tufts
bright ochre. The female is very pale brown and remarkably trans-
lucent ; it has a long white streak below the lower median vein on the
forewing below.

This species seems to have no near allies except E. camorta, Moore,
from the Nicobars, which obviously differs in the pale borders of the
wings.

Besides the Euploeas mentioned, I believe I saw a species of
Calliploea, near mazares, flying at Kayapu on the day of my arrival.

The Euploeas of Nias, as described by Herr Kheil, differ greatly
from those of Engano ; there can hardly be more than one species (a
Salpinx ) common to both. I append the list.

Nias.

Macroploea phcebns.

Engano.

Macroploea micronesia.

}>

phceretena ( 9 of pre-

ceding P)

Euploea

( Tronga ) niasica

ff

( Trepsichrois ) verhnelli.

ff

( Penoa ) menetriesii.

Salpinx

i leucostidos (perhaps the

same as phane).

M

(lsamia) lotvii.

If

„ standing erii.

ff

( Tirtina ) ochsenheimeri.

Euploea (Trepsichrois) malakoni.

Euploea ( Crastia ) enganensis.
,i ,, oceanis.

,, pahalcela.

Salpinx phane.

? Salpinx (Calliploea') sp.

The absence of the true Euploea ( Core group) and of Crastia
( Climena group) from Nias, and of Tronga and lsamia from Engano, are
interesting.

189].] W. Doherty — A List oj the Butterflies of Eng an o. 23

8. Danais pietersii, n. sp. PI. I, Fig. 1. Male and female, above
black, forewing with the lower part of the cell, the basal part of the lower
median, and the greater part of the interno-median space dull ferrugi-
nous, the veins black. Margin touched with white at intervals ; a line of
four submarginal white dots in the median spaces; another larger and
diffused near the lower angle ; an inner line of seven white marks, of
which the pair in the upper median space is of some size, the other
dots : a subapical band of six widely-separated diffused whitish spots
from the costa, the lower two largest ; below these two obscure spots in
the upper median space. Hindwing black, a large, pale ferruginous
area in the cell, and others in the submedian and internal spaces extend-
ing three-fourths towards the margin ; shorter, slender ferruginous
streaks in the other discal spaces : two lines of submarginal whitish
dots mostly obsolete, more distinct in the median spaces ; cilia alternate-
ly black and white. Below, similarly marked but with the spots more
distinct and numerous and violet- white instead of whitish; the lower
part of the forewing ferruginous, the apex, as well as the outer part of
the hindwing, suffused, with dull, dark reddish, which takes the place
of the black. Hindwing, with pale ferruginous areas in all the spaces,
most of them bordered with silvery white, the veins dark ; the two sub-
marginal series of the white spots distinct and complete. In some
specimens the cell is nearly white, the inner ferruginous area evan-
escent.

I am not able to compare this species with D. eurydice from Nias,
but judging from the forms with which Mr. Butler compares it, that
species is without the ferruginous areas on the hindwing above.

I name this for my kind friend Mijnlieer Pieters, Controleur of
Kroe in Sumatra. It is a common and conspicuous species in Engano,
whereas Herr Kheil describes D. eurydice as rare in Nias.

9. Danais (Bahora) chrysea, n. sp. Ph I, Fig. 3. A local form of D.
philomela from Java, differing in the subapical spots being more elongate,
and in all the markings of the forewing being yellow except the two outer
series, the yellow area of the coll heavily clouded with black scales except
at its lower angle, in this resembling D. crocea. The interno-median
yellow area shows is divided by a line of black scales in the middle, the
quadrate discal spots are partly joined, as in crocea. Hindwing marked
as in crocea and coloured as in philomela. The wings are very long and
narrow. The female has the yellow area more restricted, all the spots
larger and more conspicuous.

I think I saw Parantica aglaia, or its representative, on the day of
my arrival at Engano, but no specimens were taken.

24

W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano. [No. 1,

10. Radena longa, n. sp. PI. I, Fig. 2. A local form of the
Javanese B. juventa. Forewing very long, falcate, the white markings
mostly elongate and reduced, cell of forewing with the basal mark
slender, clavate at tip, the outer one small with the upper streak absent,
the disoal spots beyond the cell much reduced. Hind wing, with the
white area in the cell broken by two dark lines, the upper wide, the
lower slender, not quite continuous ; all the discal spots beyond the
cell slender and elongate.

11. Radena macra, n. sp. PI. I, Fig. 4. A local form of B. vulgaris,
the forewing elongate (but shorter than in B. longa), falcate, cell with the
basal mark bifid, the upper streak slender, not so long as the lower, the
outer spot narrow at its upper end, with a minute spot adjoining it
above, and without the slender prolongation present in B. vulgaris ; the
three spots beyond the cell greatly, and all the others more or less
reduced in size. Hindwing with all the spots reduced, that in the cell
simply bifid, without any spot in the bifurcation (such as occurs in
B. vulgaris). The submarginal dots are wanting on the apex of the fore-
wing above and below.

These two Badenas are about equally common, and are found to-
gether. In the island of Sembawa, east of Java, two Badenas also
occur, but in this case the juventa form is restricted to higher altitudes,
though there is a zone in which both are found. These facts surprised
me as I had supposed juventa, like vulgaris, to be simply a local form of
B. similis.

The anal tufts of B. vulgaris and macra are shorter than in any other
Danaid, the hairs white at the base and grey outwardly. In B. juventa
and longa, they are nearly twice as long and grey throughout.

All the Enganese species of Danais are distinguished by their
elongate form. This is also the case with several groups of butterflies
in the Celebes, as shown by Mr. Wallace.

Family Satyridje.

12. Lethe europa, Fab. scarce.

13. Melanitis leda, Linn, (ismene). My specimens were dark and
nearly unmarked above, but of the usual shape. Both the ocellate and
the non-ocellate forms were taken.

14. Mycalesis miners, Linn. Common.

Family Elymniadj:.

15. Elymnias dolorosa, Butler, var. enganica, A local form of

23

1891.] W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano.

Elymnias 'panther a, Java, resembling dolorosa, as described by Mr. Butler
from Nias. The forewing, however, is scarcely paler outwardly, its lower
angle generally suffused with reddish ; the ocelli of the hindwing are
placed in diffused pale spots. Underside with two or threo minute ocelli
on the forowing, and six on the hind wing the first nearly all white, the
others blue with the outer end dark and the pupil white. The outer
part of the wing is but slightly paler than the inner, and is not “ stone
yellow striated with blackish ” as in dolorosa, but pale grey-brown with
red stria) similar to those of the base. E . dolorosa has the hindwing more
strongly dentate than in pantliera, with a decided tail, but in the Enganese
form the tail is much less distinct than in panthera. I took only
females. The sex of the type of dolorosa is not stated.

Family Mobphid^!.

16. Amathusia amythaon, Doubleday, var. insdlabis. Above
black, the disc glossed with blue in some lights up to the border of the
hindwing, but not apically on the forewing, the marginal line white.
The lilac band is somewhat intermediate between that of A. portheus, or
dilucida, and that of A. westwoodii, tapering less than in the latter, ex-
tending down to the internal, and up to the upper median vein near the
outer margin, very broad costally. Below, the extensive space beyond
the middle striga of tho hindwing almost to the submarginal line is
dusky in both sexes, without the lilac gloss of the rest. On the fore-
wing there is a smaller dusky patch chiefly costal, beyond the fifth
striga. These dai - k spaces are scarcely visible in the allied forms. The
underside seems generally darker than in weshvoodii, the ocelli have
broader dark borders, the tails are much broader and more marked with
white than in any other variety ; the anal black spots are touched with
blue in both sexes.

The ochreous hand of the female is narrow, bifid near its lower end,
deeply incised outwai’dly along the middle median vein and partly en-
closing a dark spot in its inner margin above the same vein.

One of the numerous local forms of Amathusia amythaon, which are
by some held as species. I am unluckily unable to compare it with
Felder’s J avanese varieties. It differs from portheus and dilucida in the
broad tails and narrower bine band. It is like Westwood’s amythaon
(now called westiooodii) , of uncertain habitat, but the band is less
tapering, broader outwardly, the tails much broader, and the outer
margin of the forewing convex instead of concave.

Family Apatueidj:.

17. Cupha erymanthis, Drury.

4

26

W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano. [No. 1,

18. Atella alcippE, Cramer. The specimens are quite normal.
Herr Kheil mentions Atella phalanta, and not alcippe, as occurring in
Nias, possibly a mistake.

19. Cyrestis pertander, Fabr. Resembles the Malaccan form {the-
mire, Honrath), but still darker, much darker than the Tenasserim one,
which is perhaps a distinct variety. I have not seen the Javanese form,
but if Horsfield’s drawing is correct, and the insect has only the single
space between the two outermost ochreous bands white, themire may be
considered a distinct species.

A common species in the high forest.

20. Precis ida, Cramer. Only one taken.

21. Hypolimnas bolina, Linn. The male is normal, the female in-
finitely variable. Occasionally it is not much unlike the male. Usually
the bluish band across the forewing is obscure and there are traces of a
reddish band from the disc of the forewing across the hindwing, with
white discal spots beyond it. The white band across the fore wing below
is present or absent. Sometimes this form resembles Danais pietersii
when flying. Mr. Woodford has given an interesting account of the
variability of the female of this butterfly in the Solomon Islands.

22. Hypolimnas ANOMALA, Wallace. My single male, taken at
Malakoni, has only the costa and outer margin of the forewing purplish,
with an outer-discal line of white spots on both wings, a submarginal
line, and a few discal streaks. The hindwing has no white on the disc.
No doubt the species is as variable in Engano as olsewhere.

23. Doleschallia niasica, Butler. I took two or three males
which may be conspecific with the female described as niasica. They
are much darker than males of D. hisaltide, the apex of the hindwing
strongly suffused with black. Herr Kheil gives both niasica and hisal-
tide from Nias, apparently considering them distinct, but it is unlikely
that two varieties so closely allied can be found together. I have re-
cently taken typical Doleschallia pratipa and typical polibete in the
same piece of jungle in Western Siam, but this is a case of two local
forms overlapping at the limit of their ranges. The same is true of
Farthenos lilacinus and gambrisius from Karenni to Lower Siam.

Family Nymphalim.

24. Neptis soma, Moore, var. meridiei. Smaller than the Indian
variety, and darker below, the markings of the upperside somewhat
smaller and less fuliginous.

27

1891.} W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano.

25. Neptts ombalata, Kheil, var. engano. Like the Nias form
described by Herr Kheil, but on the upperside the subapical white spots
are smaller and better separated, the two lines of submarginal lunules
distinct, and the upper white band of the hindwing much narrower and
more broken. The colour of the underside is a rich red-brown, and the
black borders of the white bands are very conspicuous.

Family Lyc.enida:.

Subfamily Aphnceince.

26. Hypolycaxa thecloides, Felder. This butterfly occurs locally
in the Nicobars and the Malay Peninsula, and seems to feed on some
shore-plant. It seemed scarce in Engano.

27. Eooxylides tharis, Hiibner. Common in the forests of the
interior. The specimens are smaller than Sumatran ones, with the
inner black fascia of the underside obsolescent.

28. Bindahara sugriva, Horsf. Only two males taken, both quite
normal. Herr Kheil mentions B ■ phocides in his Nias list, probably by
mistake. I have taken sugriva in Great and Kar Nicobar, and again in
Java.

Subfamily Beudorigince.

29. Deudorix epiarbas, Moore. The cell of the forewing is touched
with red in the female.

Subfamily Lycmnince.

30. Nacaduba Ardates, Moore. Common.

31. Nacaduba viola, Moore. Only one or two seen.

32. Nacaduba prominens, Moore. Scarce.

33. Nacaduba macropiithalma, Felder. Scarce. None of these
species are mentioned as occurring in Nias, but Herr Kheil s Plebeius
kxipu is apparently the female of N. viola.

34. CatochRysops strabo, Fab., var. lithargyria. I think the true
strabo was also seen, and no doubt 0 . pandava and cneius also occur.
Those species all seem to feed on a leguminous plant growing on the sea-
beach, and are found on many small islands. Catoehrysops pandava is per-

28 W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano. [No. 1,

haps the commonest butterfly of the Nicobars. Herr Kheil mentions only
C. strabo and cneius from Nias, and also C. kandarpa ( = strabo).

35. Everes parehasius, Fab., (stated by Mr. de Niceville to be the
same as the European argiades). Only one or two seen. This is Herr
Kheil’s Plebeius polysperehinus.

36. Lampides bociius, Cramer, ( Jamides bochus'). My specimens
were identical with Indian ones. The species seems to vary but little
throughout its range. The Nicobar form seems perfectly distinct, and
should stand as L. nicobaricus, Wood-Mason and de Niceville. Herr
Kheil’s Plebeius siraha, from Nias, is apparently the same as L, bochus,
but why he should compare it with Plebeius balliston ( Lycoencesthes
bengalensis ) I do not know.

37. Lampides subditits, var. telanjang. Female. Above, with
the inner border of the black outer area excised by an entering angle.
Hindwing with the outer bluish rings bounded inwardly by a broad
dark band which is suffused anally with reddish. Below, the submar-
ginal pair of fascia; diffused and lunular. Hindwing with the orange
forming a large area discally, extending above the radial vein and to the
submedian, only three of the black spots complete, the inner zigzag line
obsolescent.

Only a single female taken, but subditus is so different from other
species of Lampides, and this form is so distinct from subditus, that I
have thought best to name it.

38. Lampides elpidion, n. sp. A local form of Lampides elpis,
the dark white-bordered submarginal spots of the hindwing separated
from the basal blue by a broad unbroken dark wavy band : forewing
with the blue pale and milky, the outer dark margin rather broad, the
veins edged slenderly with black at the apex. Below the ground-colour
is uniform pale reddish-brown, as in the dry season form of elpis. Pre-
hensors as in elpis. I have compared this butterfly with a long series
of Indian and with four Javanese males, and it seems a good local race,
easily distinguished. It is very much larger than Herr Kheil’s Plebeius
talinga, which has the black border of the forewing much broader, and
the inner band of the hindwing wanting.

39. Lampides celasno, Cramer. I identify this species with some
doubt ; a small pale-blue form, quite common along the shore. Another
Lampides, which I have not been able to place, is pale grey above, with
the border rather narrow on the forewing and reduced to a thread on
the hindwing.

29

1891.] W. Doherty — A List cf the Butterflies of Engano.

Herr Kheil describes a Oyaniris from Nias, puspinus, dubiously dis-
tinct from G. puspa. Zizera kar sandra certainly occurs in Engano, but I
do not seem to have taken it. Herr Klieil gives it in his Nias list under
the name of Flebeius lysimon.

40. Pithecops hylax, Fab. Scarce.

Subfamily Gerydinm.*

41. Paeagebydus unicolob, Felder, (horsfieldii, Moore). The
identity of horsfieldii and unicolor seems generally accepted by the
German naturalists, and Mr. de Niceville, who has examined Felder’s
types (three females) of unicolor at Vienna, has come to the same con-
clusion.

Paragerydus certainly does differ considerably in aspect from
Allotinus. I think it may be kept distinct from it for the present, on
account of the approximate second and third subcostal branches in the
forewing of the male.

Family Pieeid®.

42. Teeias haeina, Horsf. Only one taken. Herr Kheil does not
record it from Nias.

43. Teeias hecabe, Linn.

44. Teeias saei, Horsf. Taken only on the hills.

45. Appias hippo, Cramer. Only females taken. It may be the
Javanese Appias lyncida, and not hippo.

46. Huphina etiiel, n. sp. Male, above white, all the veins,
including the internal and medians, black, and bordered with diffused
black scales, the cell and the upper median vein heavily bordered with
black, the costa tinged with lemon. Outer border rather widely and
equally black, a dark, diffused outer-discal band parallel with the margin
as far as the internal vein, cutting off seven submarginal spots, all white
except the first, which is bright yellow, slender, the last large and out-

* In the 1889 volume of this Journal, by an unfortunate blunder I described the
fore tarsi of the Gerydince as like the middle and hind ones, in spite of my numerous
drawings showing the contrary. I also gave Herr Kheil’s Allotinus aphocha as
equivalent to horsfieldii. A. aphocha may be distinot, though badly described, and
figured only on the underside, where it is identical with horsfieldii. I now doubt
if my proposed genus Malais is distinct from Logania, though a Bornean form
r sembling L. sriwa does have the tibia) short and thick.

30 W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano. [No. 1,

wardly incised. Hindwing , rich ochreous yellow, (without any orange
tinge) from the first subcostal vein to the hind margin ; the outer border
rather widely black (but not subanally), the outer part of the veins,
except the submedian and especially the subcostals and radial, also black,
bordered with diffused scales. Below, the white area is reduced on the
forewing, the upper submarginal spots united in a large triangular
bright yellow mass, only the lower two white, that above the upper
median vein obsolescent. Hindwing lemon yellow, ochreous yellow on
the extreme anal margin, with greenish areas above and below the cell,
especially around the subcostal veins ; the dark brown border very wide,
attaining the cell, enclosing six yellow spots, all large except the fourth
which is obsolescent, the first three more or less united.

The absence of all orange on the wings, the submarginal band of
the forewing, the veins outlined with black on both wings, the very
broad marginal dark band of the hindwing below, and the large extent
of the yellow area, tinged with greenish below, easily distinguish this
peculiar species from Huphina lea and judith.

Only one male, taken at Bua Bua.

Family Papilionmd.e.

47. Ornithoptera nereis, n. sp. A local form of 0. pompeius,
Cramer. Male. Above, black, the cell immaculate, the veins of the disc
black, bordered with rather conspicuous whitish rays. Hindwing golden
yellow, bordered with a deeply scalloped black band, which is only about
-Jj of an inch wide at the ends of the veins, the base black above the
middle of the costal space, including the root of the cell ; two (in one
specimen five) black discal spots subanally in the gold. Below, the
white streaks near the veins are more continuous, and the end of the
cell is slightly touched with whitish; a little red at the base of the wings.

Female, with the outer third of the cell entire]’ dull whitish, the
whitish streaks between the veins coalescing, and extending nearly to
the outer margins, the black rays in the middle of the spaces not nearly
reaching the cell ; hiudwing very dull golden, the border wide, the
discal spots coalescing widely with each other and with the outer black
band, so as to enclose small yellowish lanceolate spots in pairs divided
by the veins. Below, the hiudwing is dull pale whitish-yellow, without
any golden tint ; this area extends only to the upper subcostal vein and
occupies two-tliirds of the cell. Several males and two females were
taken, but one of the latter was unluckily destroyed, and the other is
worn.

This species seems nearest the South Indian Ornithoptera minos,

31

1891.] W. Doherty — A List of the Butterflies of Engano.

Herr Kheil calls the Nias form 0. amphrysus, Cramer, hut it seems
unlikely that a Javan species should occur in Nias and not in Engano.
0. nereis obviously differs from amphrysus in the absence of the yellow
band across the forewing of the male. The opaque whitish-yellow of the
underside of the female is a striking character, and distinguishes it
from a Philippine form, which otherwise resembles it considerably,
especially in the male sex.

48. Papilio (Menelaides) aristolochih, Fab. Only one specimen
taken ; it was quite small. The species seems wanting on the opposite
coast of Sumatra, being apparently replaced by Papilio antiphus.

49. Papilio (Iltades) oceani, n. sp. A local form of Papilio
rnemnon, from Java. Male, above like memnon, but the lines of lnteous
scales on the forewing are nearly obsolete (slightly visible near the
apex), and those of blue scales on the hindwing less conspicuous, and
not nearly reaching the cell. Below, the red basal areas are wholly
wanting, and the outer grey area much narrower, not at all enclosing
the series of large black spots.

Female, forewing above heavily marked with pale luteons bands
bordering the dark veins over the whole disc, entering the upper end of
the cell, black rays in the middle of the spaces, the apex darker. Hind-
wing similar but with the lnteous bands less conspicuous, enclosing a
series of large black spots. Below, the red basal spots are present, but
very small, the grey border slightly broader than in the male.

The absence of the red basal spots above and below in the male,
above in the female, the obsolete markings of the upperside of the male,
and the narrow band of the hindwing below in both sexes, easily dis-
tinguish this species from its allies.

Only one male and one female taken.

50. Papilio (Charus) iielenus, Linn. var. enganitts. The lines of
luteous scales are conspicuous above and below, more or less whitish
near the lower angle of the forewing ; the red lunules of the upperside
are absent, except the anal one, which is obscure. Below, the white area
is large, the marginal white lunules are distinct, the submarginal orange
ones small and obscure, wanting in the lower radial and upper median
spaces, giving the insect somewhat the appearance of Papilio prexaspes ;
the female has a diffused white spot on each side of the radial vein.

51. Papilio (Zetides) agamemnon, Linn. One tattered male, Bua

Bua.

52. Papilio (Zetides) sarpedon, Linn.

32

W. Doherty — New and Bare Indian Lycsenidas.

[No. 1,

Family Hesperiad.®.

53. Hasora badra, Moore. Two males and a female taken, normal.

54. Padraona PALMARtJM, Moore, var. katapu. The black area
beyond and below the cell of the forewing is nearly obsolete, the yellow
band of the hindwing very wide. This is perhaps a distinct species,
but as only one male was taken, I cannot be sure.

55. Chapra mathias, Fab.

56. Udaspes poles, Cram.

57. Hidari irava, Moore. One male.

53. Tagiades Atticus, Fab. The two hyaline spots below the
three subapical ones are absent in the male, the two at the end of the
cell are joined in the female. The white area of the hindwing is very
large in both sexes, extending to the outer margin, where there are three
black spots.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Danais pietersii, n. sp.

„ 2. Radena longa, n. sp.

„ 3. Danais ohrysoa, n. sp.

„ 4. Radena niaora, n. sp.

Figs. 5-8 refer to Mr. Dolierty’s other paper.

III. — New and Bare Indian Lycienidse. — By William Doherty,
Cincinnati, TJ. 8. A. Communicated by the Natural History Secretary.

[Received 9th March 1891 : — Read 6th May, 1891.]

(With Plate I, Figs. 5-8.)

Family LYCiENIDiE.

Subfamily THE CLIN AC.

1. Arhopala khamti, n. sp, PL I, Fig. 5.

Near A. aenea, Hew., differing in the dark, dull indigo-blue of the
upperside, and the darker shade of the underside, with the terminal cell-
spot remote from that in the lower median space of the forewing ; hind-
wing with a largo subanal ocellus bordered with metallic green, which

33

1891.] W. Dolierty — New and Rare Indian Lyctenidee.

extends to tho lowor median vein ; a dark spot edged with whitish in
the lower median space. Lobe and tail large.

Margherita, Upper Assam.

2. Flos ah amus, n. sp. PI. I, Fig. 6.

Female, like Flos asoka, bat with the blae of the upperside pale,
slightly violescent outwardly, not reaching up to the upper radial vein.
Below, forewing with the transverse fasciae much duller, and more regular,
those in the interno-median space of the forewing obscure. Hindwing
with the pale basal stripe absent, the base all dark, touched with scar-
let costally; the lower half of the wing very dark, especially subab-
dominally, the markings there obscured; beyond the dark base there
is a broad lilac area transversely from the costa to the hind-margin,
containing a sinuous irregular band from the costa to the median vein,
continued by a small separate spot in the interno-median space ; an
obscure ocellus in the lower median space submarginal ly, no other
metallic markings. The species also resembles the Himalayan form of
Flos fulgidus, Hew., but obviously differs in the colour of the upperside ;
and on the underside in the whitish spot at the end of the cell of the
forewing, which is narrow and conspicuous, (broad and dull in fulgidus) ;
the lower part of the hindwing is much darker, and the pale costal band
absent.

Margherita, Upper Assam.

3. Acesina zethyretta, n. sp.

Male, above dark brown, a small diffused light blue area occupying
less than a sixth of the forowing, including part of the cell, the interno-
median and the lower median space, extending just above the middle
median vein, the veins dark ; hindwing unmarked, the cilia whitish,
especially apically. Below brown, slightly glossed with violet, except
the spots, which are darker and encircled by broad whitish rings. There
is no costal white spot on the hind wing, but the apex is chiefly whitish,
the disc irrorated with whitish scales, the ocelli obsolescent.

This species, in which the male resembles a female, is obviously
distinct, and seems to connect A. paraganesa with the other species of
Acesina.

Margherita, Upper Assam.

4. Acesina Ariel, n. sp.

Male, above violet-blue (dull in some lights) over half of the hind-
wing, and rather more than half of the forewing, the blue areas round-
ed. Underside uniform brown, strongly glossed with violet, not irrorated
with whitish scales, the markings annular, scarcely darker than the
5

34

W. Doherty — Few and Rare Indian LycEenidse. [No. 1,

ground-colour, with slender, pale violet-whitish rings ; no costal white
patch on the hindwing, the apex not whitish ; three distinct subanal
ocelli with metallic bluish-green irides. The violet hue of the upperside
distinguishes it from A . ammon and ammonides, as well as the entire
absence of the costal white patch on the hind wing below.

Margherita, Upper Assam.

5. Acesina ammonides, n. sp. ( = ammon, mihi, nec Hewitson).

The Tenasserim form of A. amnion, which I have now been able tc?
compare with a specimen from Pahang (Malay Peninsula) kindly lent
me by Mr. de Niceville, and one from Perak, taken by myself, seems a
good local race, which I distinguish by the above name. In A. ammon
the blue is slightly tinged with violet (but much less than in A. ariel),
and occupies less than half of the forewing and hardly more than a
quarter of the hindwing. In ammonides, the blue is more azure in tint,
extends well beyond tho cell all around it, and occupies half of the
forewing and half of the hindwing. Below, in ammon there is only the
conspicuous white costal mark on the hindwing. In ammonides, the
apices of both wings, especially tho hindwing, are strongly suffused with
whitish, and there are whitish scales abdominally on tho hindwing, and
a quadrate discal white spot between the lower two median veins. In
one specimen of ammonides, the three minute ocelli of the hindwing are
touched with metallic gold ■, ammon is without metallic scales.

Tenasserim valley.

Besides those above mentioned, I took the following species of this
subfamily at Margherita, Upper Assam. ZepTiyrus distortus ( Zinaspa
distorta, de Niceville), Flos moellerii, Darasana perimuta and paramnta,
Arliopala teesta, singla, cenlaurus, amantes, rama, anarte, belphcebe,
bazalus and camdeo.

Subfamily APTIN2EIN2E,

6. Drina maneia, Hew.

The veins of tho forewing are marked with raised lines of light-
brown scales in the blue area, somewhat as in Papilio ganesa or Argyn -
nis childrenii. The veins so marked are the three medians, the lower
radial and the submedian, besides a line in the interno-median space,
and two terminally in the cell. These are presumably scent-glands.

The venation agrees well with that of Drina donina, tho type of
the genus ; so that Mr. de Niceville, who had never seen the species,
showed some acuteness in placing it here, in spite of its wholly different
appearance.

Rare at Padang Rengas, Perak.

1891.]

W. Doherty — New and Rare Indian Lycasnidffl.

35

Genus Theix, novum.

Male, forewing with the subcostal vein five-parted (including the
vein itself as a bi-anch), the first branch originating one- third before the
end of the cell, the third a little before the end, the second nearer the first
than the third, the fourth from the third halfway to the apex, the fifth close
to the apes, very short. Discocellular veins nearly straight, the lower
half again as long as the upper, cell slightly longest at its lower angle,
second bifurcation of the median vein a little before its end. Snbmedian
vein exceedingly remote from the median, straight for nearly half of
its length, then bent downwards like a bow. In the interno-mcdian space
discally, there is a deep oblique depression on the upperside, covered
with short grey down, and bearing a conspicuous extensile tuft of long
orange hairs produced downwards and outwards over the depression.
Hindwing with the two lower median branches forking simultaneously
from the end of the cell ; a loug tail from the submedian, a short one
from the lower median vein.

The curious scent-organ in the middle of the forewing of the male,
resembling that of Dacalana and Arrhenothrix, has so distorted the
venation that I have thought it advisable to separate this genus from
N eocheritra. Whether the male has five and the female four subcostal
branches, as in that genus, I do not know.

7. Theix gama, Distant, ( Neocheritra gama).

Above black, a tuft of orange hairs ovor a small grey cavity in the
middle of the forewing. Hindwing with the lower part white, con-
taining two black spots ; above this grey, with three black spots on the
boundary between the grey and the white ; the upper part of the wing
black. Below as in the female. The species apparently mimics
Rooxylides tharis.

Rare at Padang Rengas, Malay Peninsula. I have also taken it in
the mountains of south-western Sumatra.

Subfamily PORITINM.

Genus Massaga, mihi. I find that in the male of M. pediada, the
type of this genus, there is a narrow tuft of prostrate black hairs arising
at the end of the cell, extending beyond it along the upper border of the
upper median vein. This was pointed out to me in M. pharyge by Mr.
de Niceville and I afterwards found it in M. pediada. In M. potina it
is apparently present, but very small and inconspicuous. In all these
species the upper tuft is of considerable size, yellowish or whitish, turned
upwards along the upper subcostal vein, in a large whitish patch. In

36 W. Doherty — New and Bare Indian Lyceenid®. [No. 1,

Poritia, the lower tuft is absent, the upper one black or dark brown,
without the whitish patch.

Subfamily LYC2EN1N2E.

Genus Phengaris, novum. The splendid Chinese butterfly Lyccena
atrogxUtata, Oberthiir, deserves to be placed in a separate genus or sub-
genus, distinguished from Lyccena by the upper discocellular vein of the
hindwing being short and angled outwardly, the lower discocellular
meeting the median vein opposite its second forking.

This butterfly is certainly the finest of the subfamily, unless the
danis group of Gyaniris be excepted. I was not able to detect any odour
about it, but it has all the air of a protected species. I often saw
it in the meadows of the Kutclia Naga country, Naga Hills, from 6000
to 8000 feet elevation, flying very slowly and visible from a great
distance, so that I caught a good number, in spite of its rarity. The
character of its markings, round black spots on a pure white ground,
is very remarkable. It is hard to avoid thinking Tajuria maculata, Hew.
a mimic of this species, though it seems to live at a lower elevation,
and further to the westward. Taraka hamada is somewhat similarly
marked, and is obviously protected.

I have taken the name Phengaris, which means a daughter of the
moon, from the modern Greek,

Subfamily GE BYDIN Jd.

8. Gerydus heracleion, n. sp.

Male, forowing less acute than in G. symethus, hindwing rounded.
Above, brown, forewing with a slaty gloss, the apex darker, a broad
oblique white band from the upper end of the cell and beyond it (above
the cell it is obscure), almost to the middle of the interno-median space,
the outer part dehiscent along the lower median vein, projecting fur-
thest in the lower median space (unlike symethus). The band is
much broader than in Gerydus biggsii, Distant, ( gopara , de Nice-
ville). Hind wing all dark. Below, the white band of the fore-
wing is obscure and broken, the spot in the lower median space quite
separate from and more distinot than the rest, the transverse lunular
band obsolescent in the forewing, three costal ring-spots, three small
subapical lunules. Hindwing, much less clouded with blackish than in
G. croton, the lunular transverse band nearly regular, the basal spots
quadrate, the submarginal black dots very distinct.

Perak, Malay Peninsula.

37

1891.] W. Doherty — New and Bare Indian Lycrenid®.

The Species is larger than G. symethus, not quite so large as G.
ancon. The upper median vein of the male is naked above and swollen
from the end of the cell one-fourth towards the outer margin. This
may be regarded as a generic character of Gerydus , since it occurs at any
rate in G. symethus , biggsii, boisduvalii, heracleion, irrorabus var. assa-
mensis, and ancon. In G. croton the swelling is indistinct, and the vein
is covered with black scales.

9. Gerydus irroratus, Druce, var. assamensis, nov. PI. I.
Fig. 7.

Above, unmarked except by a small, pale, longitudinal area around
the base of the upper median vein on the forewing. Below, pale grey-
brown, without the dark markings of G. boisduvalii, a small pale area
on the forewing below the middle median vein, the markings lunular,
those in the cell of the forewing reduced, the transverse discal band of
the forewing subapical, extending only to the upper median vein, a single
conspicuous dark lunule near the lower angle; the transverse band
of the hindwing regular, an undulated, continuous submarginal dark
line.

Dhansiri Valley, Naga Hills.

It resembles G. melanion from the Philippines, but is without the
white area near the lower angle of the forewing above. It may be
conspecifio with Mr. Druce’s G, irroratus (from Siam) which has never
been figured or properly described.

I have taken what may be the female of Gerydus irroratus in Perak.
Some pale markings represent the broken white baud of G. boisduvalii,
the hind wing is angled at the upper median vein.

The figure represents the transverse band of the hindwing incorrect-
ly ; it is really composed of separate annular lunules.

10. Logania massalia, n. sp., PI. I, Fig. 8.

Female. Above black, a round, dull white discal area on the fore-
wing from just above the upper median vein almost to the submedian
vein. Below irregularly speckled and variegated ; forewing with the
costal and apical parts ochreons-brown, the rest blackish. Hindwing
also tinged with ochreous, a submarginal dark area, and obscure dark
transverse bands. Hindwing not angled, the margin entire.

Nearest an undescribod Logania from Perak, Malay Peninsula,
which, however, has the upperside marked as in L. marmorata, and the
margin undulated,

Marglierita, Upper Assam,

38 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig. 5. Arhopala khamti, n. sp. (Assam.)

Fig. 6. Flos ahamns, n. sp. (Assam.)

Fig. 7. Gerydus irroratas, Drnce, var. assamensis, var. nov. (Assam.)

Fig. 8. Logania massalia, n. sp. (Assam.)

Figs. 1 — 5 refer to the previous paper on the Butterflies of Engano.

IV. — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. — By George King,
M. B., LL. D., F. R.. S., C. I. E., Superintendent of the Royal
Botanic Garden , Calcutta. No, 3.

(Continued from page 206 of Vol. LIX of 1890.)

[Received 2nd March 1891. Read April 1st 1891.]

In tlio arrangement of the Natural families which is being followed
in these papers (that of DeCandolle as modified by the late Mr. Bentharn
and Sir Joseph Hooker), the family Dipterocarpeae should have preceded
Malvaceae. Delays have, however, occurred in the elaboration of that
family ; and, rather than postpone the publication of the remaining three
Thalamifloral orders, I have decided to submit my account of these to
the Society now, deferring my paper on the Dipterocarpeae and on the
previously omitted Anonaceae to a future occasion.

Order XVII. MALVACEAE.

Herbs, shrubs or trees ; herbaceous portions often stellate-hairy or
scaly. Leaves alternate, palminerved, simple, lobed, or rarely compound.
Stipules free, sometimes caducous. Bracteoles 3 or more, free or com-
bined, often forming an epicalyx. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary,
fascicled or cymose-paniculate, regular, hermaphrodite or 1-sexual.
Sepals 5, valvate, free or connate. Petals 5, twisted-imbricate. Stamens
ac , rarely definite, adnato to the base of the petals ; filamonts monadel-
phous, forming a tube ; anthers oblong or reniform, cells sinuous or
twisted, linear or annular, ultimately 1-celled bursting longitudinally.
Ovary 2-many-celled, entire, or lobed, of 2-5 or usually more carpels
whorled round a central axis ; styles connate below or throughout their
length ; ovules 1 or more, curved, attached to the inner angle of each
carpel. Fruit of dry cocci, or capsular and loculicidal, often large and
woody. Seeds reniform or obovid, somotimos arillate ; albumen scanty,
often mucilaginous or 0 ; embryo curved ; cotyledons leafy, usually

39

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

folded or crura pled. — Distrib. Abundant in warm regions, common in
temperate, absent from arctic. Genera 57 ; known species about 700.

A. Staminal tube entire, or but slightly divided at the apex.

Tribe I. Malveoe. Herbs or shrubs. Ripe carpels separating from the

axis. Styles as many as the carpels.

Ovules solitary ; carpels with convergent, often
beaked, apices

Ovules 2 or more ; carpels with divergent, not
beaked, apices

Tribe II. Urenece. Styles or stigmatio branches twice
as many as the carpels.

Fruit of indehiscent cocci ... ...

Tribe III. Hibiscece. Herbs or shrubs. Fruit cap-
sular. Sepals leafy. Staminal-tube truncate
or 5-toothed at the apex.

Calyx toothed : stigmas distinct, spreading ...

„ truncate : stigmas united

B. Staminal tube short or divided into single

filaments to its base.

Tribe 1Y. Bombaciae. Trees. Sepals leathery :
styles connate or free. Fruit capsular.

Leaves digitately compound, calyx truncate or
irregularly 3 to 5-lobed ; seed silky outside.

Anthers solitary ... ... ...

,, in groups of 2 or 3
Leaves simple, usually scaly ; fruit woody, rnuri-

1. Sida.

2. Abutilon.

3. TJrena.

4. Hibiscus.

5. Thespesia,

6 .

7.

Bombax.

Friodendron.

cate ; seeds arillate.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped.

Anthers linear, cells sinuous ... 8. Burio.

Anthers globose, opening by a pore ... 9. Boschia.

Calyx dilated at the base.

Calyx finally forming a cushion-shaped annu-
lus ... ... ... ... 10. Neesia.

Calyx 5-pouched at the base, petals inserted
on the calyx ... ... ... H. Coelostegia.

1. Sida, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves entire or lobed. Bracteoles 0.
Calyx of 5 valvate sepals, tubular below. Corolla of 5 petals, free above,
connate below and adnate to the tube of the stamens. Staminal-tube
dividing at the summit into numerous anther- bearing filaments. Carpels
5 or more, wliorled ; styles as many as the carpels, stigmas terminal.

40 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

Ripe carpels separating from the axis, generally 2-awned at the summit,
and dehiscing irregularly or by a small slit. Seed solitary, pendulous
or horizontal ; radicle superior.— Distrib. A genus of about 80 species,
most of them being tropical weeds.

1. S. Mysoeensis, W. & A. Prod. I, 59. A sub-erect, sometimes
decumbent, herb 1 to 2 feet high, covered with more or less glutinous
hairs. Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate-crenate, 1'5 to
2 5 in. long and 1 to 1'5 in. broad ; petiole about half as long as the
blade. Stipules linear, less than half as long as the petiole. Flowers
less than ’5 in. in diam., in few-flowered axillary racemose cymes,
corolla yellow j pedicels shorter than the petioles, jointed near the
middle. Carpels shorter than the calyx, sub-glabrous, each with a
short awn, or awnless. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. I, 322; Thwaifes
Enum. 28. S. hirta, Wall. Cat. 1855, not of Lam. S. urticmfolia, W.
& A., 1. c. S. nervosa, Wall. Cat. 1853 E. S. olens, Ham. in Wall. Cat.
1874. S. glutinosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 97 ; FI. Ind. iii, 172; Wall. Cat.
1855, not of Cav. S. tenax, Ham. in W. & A. Prodr. i, 1. c. ; Wall. Cat.
1855, E. F. S. fascieuliflora, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i, Pt. 2,140. S. radicans
Cav. Diss. i, 8 : W. & A. Prod, i, 59.

A weed by roadsides; in Perak and probably in the other provinces.
Distrib. India, Java.

2. S. CAEriNiFOLiA, L. An undershrub 2 to 3 feet high ; glabrous
or sub-glabrous ; a few minute stellate hairs on the stems and petioles.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate, 2 to 3 in. long and '25 to '3o in.
broad ; petioles '1 to *2 in. Stipules subulate, nerved, much longer than
the petiole. Flowers "5 in. in diam, solitary, axillary ; corolla yellow,
peduncles as long as the petiole, jointed, minutely bracteolate. Carpels
shorter than the sub-globose ribbed calyx, glabrous, rugulose, each with 2
short awns. DC. Prod. i. 4G0. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 323 ;
Wall. Cat. 1871. S. acuta, Burm. ; Cav. Diss. i p. 15, t. 2, f. 3 ; DC.
Prodr. i. 461; Wall. Cat. 1868, 1, 2. 3, 4, 5 ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 171; W.
& A. Prodr. i. 57 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 17 ; Thwaites Enum. 27 ;
Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. Pt 2. p. 143; Wight Ic. t. 95 ; Bl. Bijdr. 55 ; Wall.
Cat. 1868 G. S. lanceolata, Roxb. l.c. 175; Wall. Cat. 1868 F. S. stipu-
lata, Cav. Diss. i. t. 3, f. 10 ; DC. Prodr. i. 460 ; W. & A. Prodr. l.c.
S. Stauntoniana, DC. l.c. ; S. scoparia, Lour, ex W. & A. lc.

In all the provinces as a weed. Distrib. India and Tropics gene-
rally.

3. S. rhombifolia, Linn. sp. 961. An erect under shrub 2 to 3
feet high, from glabrous to hoary, stellate-pubescent. Leaves varying

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 41

from ob-lanceolate or obovate to rhomboid, bat always with tapering
bases, serrate to crenate ; under surface hoary, rarely green ; length
'5 to 2'5 in., petiole '1 to - 2 in. Stipules setaceous, longer than the
petioles. Flowers '5 in. in diam., axillary, solitary ; corolla yellow,
rarely white ; peduncles much longer (sometimes six times) than the
petioles, variously and sometimes indistinctly jointed, ebracteolate.
Carpels smooth or pubescent, or reticulate, each usually with 1 or 2
rather long awns, sometimes awnless, generally longer than the calyx.
Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 323 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2. p. 142 ;
DO. Prodr. i. 462 ; Koxb. FI. Ind. iii. J76; Wall. Cat 1862, 2 ; Thwaites
Enum. 28. S. cunariensis , Willd. ; DO. Prodr. i. 462. S. covipressa,
Wall. Cat. 1866 ; DC. Prodr. i. 462.

This very polymorphic species has been divided into varieties by
Dr. Masters in Hooker’s PI. Br. Ind. l.c. as follows : —

“Var. 1. scabrida, W. & A. Prodr. i. 57 (sp.) ; sprinkled with rigid
hairs, leaves concolorous, peduncles joined at the base, carpels awned.

“ Var. 2. retusa, Linn, (sp.) ; leaves obovate retuse hoary underneath,
peduncles equalling the leaves jointed above the middle, carpellary
awns short. — Cav. Diss. i. t. 3, f. 4, and Diss. v. t. 131, f. 2 ; Bl. Bijdr.
75 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 38 ; Wall. Cat. 1870 ; DC. Prodr. i. 462 ; Roxb.
FI. Ind. iii. 175 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. PI. 17 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt.
2, 142. S. chinensis, Retz ex Roxb. Hort. Beng. 97 ; PI. Ind. iii. 174.
S. philippica, DC. Prodr. i. 462 ; W. & A. Prodr. l.c. ; Wall. Cat. 1869 ;
Rheede Hort. Mai x. 18; Rumph. Amb. v. t. 19. — The S. corynocarpa.
Wall. Cat. 1870, seems to be a form of this variety, with densely intricate
woody branches, and long carpellary awns.

“Var. 3. rhomboidea, Roxb. Hort, Bong. 50; PI. Ind. iii. 176 (sp.) ;
leaves rhomboid hoary beneath, peduncles jointed at the base, carpellary
awns very short inflected. DC. Prodr. i. 462 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 57 ,
Wall. Cat. 1862 E., 1863; Thwaites Enura. 28. S. rhombifolia, Wall.
Cat. 1862 F. ? S. orientalis, Cav. Diss. i. t. 12. — The flowers expand at
noon (Roxb.).

“Var. 4. obovata, Wall. Cat. 1864 (sp.) ; leaves 1| by 2 in., broadly
obovate, hoary beneath, apex coarsely toothed, base cuneate, petiole j
in., peduncle longer than the petiole shorter than the blade.

“Var. 5. microphylla, Cav. Diss. i. t. 12, f. 2 (sp.) ; leaves small,
elliptic dentate hoary beneath, peduncle slightly exceeding the petiole,
carpels 5-7 awned. — Roxb. PL Ind. iii. 170; DC. Prodr. i. 461.”

In all the provinces — a common weed. Distrib. The Tropics
generally.

4. S. CORDIFOLU, Linn. spec. 961. An erect softly hairy undershi-uh

6

42 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

2 to 3 feet high, the hairs on the branches and petioles long and spread-
ing. Leaves oblong-cordate, obtuse, rarely acute, crenato ; both surfaces,
but especially the pale lower surface, softy hairy ; length 1'25 to 2 in.,
breadth ’8 to 1'25 : petiole slightly longer than the blade. Stipules
linear, less than half the length of the petiole. Flowers '6 in. in diam.,
axillary, solitary ; corolla yellow ; peduncles jointed near the apex,
varying in length, the lower longer, the upper shorter, than the petioles.
Carpels boldly 3-angled, reticulate, sub-glabrous, crowned by 2 strong,
divergent, retro-hispid awns. DO. Prod. i. 464, Roxb. FI. Ind., iii.
177; Wall. Cat. 1849; W. & A. Prod. i. 58; Thwaites Enum. 28.
Dalz. & Gibs. FI. Bombay, 17 ; Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 324, and
in Oliver’s FI. Trop. Afr. i. 181 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 140. S.
herbacea, Cav. Diss. i. 19, t. 13, f. I ; DC. Prodr. i. 463. 5. micans,
Cav. Diss. i. 19, t. 3. f. 1. S. rotundifolia, Cav. Diss. i. 20, t. 3, f. 6, and
Diss. vi. t. 194, f. 2 ; Wall. Cat. 1849, D ; DC. Prodr. i. 464. S. altlicei-
folia, Swartz, Guill. & Per. FI. Seneg. i. 73. — Rheede Hort. Mai. x. t. 54.

In Malacca : and probably in all the Provinces as a weed. Distrib.
The Tropics generally.

2. Abutilon, Gsertn.

Herbs or undershrubs more or less covered with down. Leaves
angled or palmately-lobed. Inflorescence axillary or terminal. Bracteoles
0. Calyx of 5 valvate sepals, tubular below. Corolla of 5 petals, free
above, connate below and adnate to the tube of the stamens. Staminal-
tube divided at the apex into numerous filaments. Carpels 5-8. Styles
as many as the carpels. Ripe carpels separating from the axis, awnod or
not, 1- or more-seeded. Seeds reniform. Distrib. About 70 species, all
tropical or subtropical.

A. indicttm, G. Don. Gen. Syst. i. 504. An annual or perennial
undershrub. Leaves broadly cordate, irregularly and coarsely toothed
or sub-entire, pale and minutely pubescent on both surfaces, often
with a few longer hairs intermixed, length 1 to 2 in., breadth. 1 to 2
in. ; petiole usually longer than the blade. Flowers l in. in diam, axil-
lary, solitary, the peduncles longer than the petioles, jointed near the
top; corolla yellow. Sepals ovate, acute, shorter than the spreading
petals. Carpels 15 to 20, longer than the calyx, truncate or with short
spreading awns, tomentose at first, ultimately sub-glabrous. Seeds
dark brown, minutely stellate-hairy. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i.
326; A. asiaticum, W. & A. Prodr. i. 56, not Sida asiatica, Linn. ; W.
& A. Prodr. i. 56 ; Wight Ic. t. 12 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 18 ;
Thwaites Enum. 27; Mast, in Oliv. FI. Trop, Afr. i. 186; Miq. FI. Ind.

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 43

Bat. i. pt. 2, 146. Sida indica, L. ; DO. Prodr. i. 471 ;'Cav. Diss. i. p.
33, t. 7, f. 10; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 179; Wall. Cat. 1859, 1, 2, D. P.
Sida populifolia, W - . & A. l.c. A. populifolia, G. Don. l.o. Sida populi-
folia, DC. Prod. i. 470 ; Cav. Dias. i. t. 7, fig. 9 ; Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 179 ;
Bl. Bijdr. 79. S. Beloere, L’Her. Stirp. i. 130. *S. Eteroomischos, Cav.

Diss. ii. 55 and v. p. 275, t. 128.

Singapore, Selangore and probably in all the other provinces.
A weed.

3. Urena, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs, more or less covered with rigid stellate hairs.
Leaves angled or lobed. Flowers clustered. Bracteoles 5, adnate to the
5-cleft calyx, sometimes coherent at the base into a cup. Petals 5,
often tomentose at the back, free above, connate below and united to
the base of the tube of the stamens. Staminal-tule truncate or minute-
ly toothed. Anthers nearly sessile. Ovary 5-celled, cells 1-ovuled,
opposite the petals; stigmatic branches 10; stigmas capitate. Pipe
carpels covered with hooked bristles or smooth, indehiscent, separating
from the axis when ripe. Seed ascending ; cotyledons bent and folded ;
radicle inferior. Distrib. Species 4-5, natives of tropical and sub-
tropical countries, 2 only being confined to Asia.

U. LOR at A, Linn. Spec. 974. A herbaceous undershrub 1 to 3 feet
high, more or less hairy. Leaves very variable ; the lower rotund to
reniform, more or less cordate at the base, the apex usually acute, edges
with 5 to 7 shallow lobes or sub-entire, 5 to 7-nerved ; length 1 to 2 in.,
breadth 1 to 2'5 in. ; upper leaves smaller and sometimes ovate to
linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved. Petiole shorter than the blade ; bracteoles
oblong-lanceolate, as long as the sepals. Oorolla pink, *5 to 1 in, in
diam. Carpels tomentose, and with many smooth hooked spines. Mast,
in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 329; Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, p. 149; Cav.
Diss. iv. p. 336, t. 185, fig. 1 ; Miq. PI. Jungh. 283 ; DC. Prodr. i. 441 ;
Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 182; W. & A. Prodr. i. 56; Wall. Cat. 1928; Dalz.
& Gibs. Bomb. PI. 18; Thwaites Enum. 25; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2,
148. U. cana, Wall. Cat. 1930 B. TJ. palmata, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii 182.
V. tomentosa, Bl. Bijdr. 65.

All the Provinces : a weed. Distrib. The tropics generally.

Var. 1. sinnata, Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. l.c, ; leaves deeply 5-lobed, the

lobes narrowed at the base, serrate, often pinnatifid, bracteoles linear ;
flowers often smaller than in the typical plant. U. sinuata, Linn. ; DC.
Prodr. i. 441; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50; FI. Ind. iii. 182; Wall. Cat. 1933
E. ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 46 ; Hook. PI. Br. Ind. i. 329 ; Thwaites Enum,

44 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

PI. Cey. 25 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 18. U. muricata, DO. Prodr. i.
442. U. Lappago, DO. Prodr. i. 441. U. morifolia, DC. Prodr. i. 442 ?
77. heterophylla, Smith in Rees’ Cycl. 37 ; Wall. Cat. 1933 B, F. G, H,
K. 77. tomentosa, Wall. Cat. 1933 H. ; — Barm. Zeyl. t. 69, f. 2.

Distributed like the last.

Var. 2. scabrimcula, DC. Prod. i. 441 (sp.) ; herbaceous ; leaves
roundish, scarcely lobed, with 1-3 glands beneath ; bracteoles linear,
longer than the sepals. 77. scabriuscula, Wall. Cat. 1928 F; W. & A.
Prodr. i. 46; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 18.

4. Hibiscus, Linn.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves stipulate, usually more or less pal-
mately-lobed. Inflorescence axillary, rarely terminal. Bracteoles 5 or
more, free, or connate at the base. Calyx 5-tootlied or 5-fid, valvate,
sometimes spathaceous. Petals 5, connate at the base with the staminal-
tube. Staminal-tube truncate or 5-tootlied at the summit; filaments
many; anthers reniform, l-celled. Ovary 5-celled, cells opposite the
sepals, each with 3 or more ovules ; styles 5, connate below ; stigmas
capitate or sub-spathulate. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved, sometimes
with a separate endocarp, or with false dissepiments forming a spurious-
ly 10-celled fruit. Seeds glabrous, hairy or woolly. About 150 species ;
distributed chiefly in the tropical regions of both hemispheres.

Calyx spathaceous, deciduous ... ... 1. H. Abesmoschus.

Calyx persistent, 5-cleft.

Bracteoles of involucre distinct, their

apices spathulate ... ... 2. 77. Surattensis.

Bracteoles united at the base, nearly as

long as the calyx ... ... 3. 77. macrophyllus.

Bracteoles united into a cup much shorter
than the calyx.

Involucre and calyx softly pubescent 4. 77. tiliaceous.

„ „ rugulose 5. 77 .floccosus.

1. H. Abelmoschus, Linn. Spec. 980. A stout annual under-
shrub 2 to 3 feet high : young branches and peduncles retro-hispid, all
other parts hispid or stellate-hispid. Leaves variable, usually with 3 to
5, deep, oblong-lanceolate or linear, serrate-crenate, acute lobes, some-
times hastate or sagittate, the base always rounded ; length and breadth
3 to 5 in. ; petiole longer than the blade : stipules minute, subulate, fuga-
ceous. Flowers 3 in. in diam., axillary, solitary ; peduncles shorter than
the petioles, ebracteate. Involucres 8 to 12, linear, '5 to - 75 in. long.
Calyx 125 in. long, toothed at the apex. Corolla yellow with a crimson

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 45

centre, glabrous. Capsule oblong, pointed, bispid, becoming sub-
glabrous, 1 to 3 in. long. Seeds reniforin, striate, glabrous, musky.
Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 342 (excl. syu. II. sagittifolius, Kurz.) ;
DC. Prod. i. 452; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 202; Griff. Not. iv. 521. Abelmos-
clius moschatus, Munich ; W. & A. Prod. i. 53 ; Wight Tc. t. 399 ; Wall.
Cat. 1915, F, G, H, 1, K, L ; Tkwaites Euum. 27; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat.

i. pt. 2, 151. H. jlavescens, Cav. Diss. iii. t. 70, f. 2 ; DC. l.c. 454.
IT. spathaceus, Wall. Cat. K. H. ricinifolius , Wall. Cat. 1915. Bamia
chinensis. Wall. Cat. 161G ? Hibiscus psetido-abelmoschus, Bl. Bijdr.
70. H. longifolius, Willd. Spec. iii. 827 ; DC. Prod. i. 450. Bamia
multiformis and betulifolia, Wall. Cat. 1917 and 1918.

In all the Provinces ; cultivated or naturalised. Distrib. the
tropics generally.

2. H. surattensis, Linn. Spec. 97 9. A weak straggling under-
shrub ; the branches, petioles and peduncles with small recurved pric-
kles and a few soft spreading pale hairs. Leaves palmately 3 to 5-partite,
rarely ovate, sub-entire, serrate, sparsely pilose ; length and breadth
1'5 to 3 in. ; petiole slightly longer than the blade. Stipules broadly
ear-shaped. Flowers 2 to 2 '5 in. long, solitary, axillary, corolla yellow
with dark centre ; bracts of involucre 10 to 12, linear with spathulate
apices. Capsules membranous, the individual carpels with 3 bold
aculeate nerves and a long terminal point. Seeds with long straight
brittle yellowish hairs. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 334 ; Miq.
FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 161 ; Bl. Bijdr. 68; DC. Prodr. i. 449; W. & A.
Prodr. i. 48 ; Roxb. FI Ind. iii. 205 ; Wight Ic. t. 197 ; Cav. Diss. iii.
t. 53, f. 1 ; Thwaites Enum. 26; Wall. Cat. 1893, 1, 2, 3, D, E, F, G;
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 20 ; Mast, in Oliv. FI. Trop. Afr. i. 201 ; Miq.
FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 161. H. furcatus, Wall. Cat. 1896 C, not of Roxb.

Malacca, Perak, and probably in the other Provinces. Distrib.
The tropics generally.

This has a decumbent or even climbing habit.

3. H. MACROPHYi/MTS, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 51. A large shrub or
small tree, all parts more or less covered with pale soft minute velvetty
tomentum ; the young branches, petioles, pedicels, bracteoles and calyx
bearing, in addition, numerous more or less deciduous tufts of long
spreading stiff tawny hairs. Leaves large, on long petioles, cordate-
orbicular to reniform, the apex shortly sharply and abruptly acuminate,
the edges entire; palmately 7 to 9-nerved ; length and breadth 7 to 12
in. ; petiole usually longer than the blade. Stipules oblong, convolute,
hispid-tomentose, 3 to 4 in. long. Flowers in terminal cymes, pedicels

46 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, [No. 1,

1'5 to 2 in. long, articulate near the apex and bearing two large broadly
ovate deciduous bracts. Involucres of the individual flower 10 to 12,
linear-lanceolate, connate at the base, as long as the calyx, hispid-
tomentose like the calyx. Calyx with 5 deep linear teeth ; the tube
10-ribbed, 1 to 1’25 in. long. Corolla 4 in. in diam., purple. Fruit
pointed, hispid, as long as the persistent calyx. Seeds reniform, their
edges densely fulvous- sericeous. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 337 ;
Kurz For. FI. Br. Bnrm. i. 126 ; DC. Prod. i. 455 ; Wall. PI. As. Rar.
i. 44, t. 51 ; Wall. Cat. 1903. IT. setosus, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 194. H.
vestitus, Grill. Notul. iv. 519.

Penang, Perak. Distrib. Java, India.

4. H. tiliaoeus, Linn. Spec. 976. A small much branched tree;
young branches minutely pubescent. Leaves sub-coriaceous, broadly
cordate to reniform, minutely crenulate or entire, rarely lobed, acute ;
upper surface scaly, minutely pubescent, glabrescent or glabrous ; lower
densely and minutely hoary-pubescent ; nerves 7 to 9 pairs, palmate ;
length and broadth 3 - 5 to 6’5 in., petioles "5 to 2 in., stipules oblong,
oblique, shorter than the petiole. Flowers solitary ; or in pedunculate,
solitary, 2 to 3-flowered, axillary cymes ; the peduncles 2 or 3 times as
long as the petioles, with 2 obliquely oblong, opposite, pubescent,
caducous bracts. Involucres 7 to 10, acute, united above the middle.
Sepals 5, like the involucres but twice as long, with an elongated gland
externally. Corolla campanulate, 4 in. in diam., yellow with crimsom
centre. Fruit as long as the calyx or shorter, ovate-acute, stellate-
pubescent, spuriously 10-celled. Seeds few, obovate-reniform, faintly
striate, sparsely scaly, pubescent, or glabrous. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI.
Br. Ind. i. 343; Kurz For. FI. Burm. i. 126; DC. Prod. i. 454 ; Cav.
Diss. iii, p. 151, t. 55, f. 1 ; Bl. Bijdr. 72 ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 182 ; Miq.
FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 153 ; Beddome FI. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. t. 4.
Faritium tiliaceum, A. Juss. in St. Hil. FI. Bras. Med. i. p. 156 ; (excl.
syn. H. elatum) W. & A. Prodr. i. 52 ; Wight Ic. t. 7 ; Wall. Cat.
1912; Thwaites Enum. 26 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 17; Griff. Notul.
iv. 523. Ft. tortuosus, Roxb. FI. Br. Ind. iii. 192 ; Wall. Cat. 1912 G,
1913 B.

All the provinces ; near water. Distrib. The tropics generally
near the coasts.

5. H. floccosds, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 343. A tree
30 to 40 feet high ; young branches, petioles, peduncles and outer
surfaces of involucres and calyx rugulose and minutely rusty-puberulous.
Leaves sub-coriaceous, cordate-reniform, 5-angled, acute, irregularly and

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 47

distantly snb-crenate ; both surfaces minutely and sparsely stellate-pub-
escent, glabrescent when old, harsh ; length and breadth 2 to 6 in.,
petiole less than half as long as the blade. Flowers in stout few-
flowered terminal racemes longer than the leaves ; peduncles stout, very
rugulose, ebracteate, '75 to 1'5 in. long. Involucres combined into a
bluntly-lobed cup much shorter than the calyx. Sepals oblong-lanceo-
late, 1’5 in, long, coriaceous, united for half their length or more.
Petals membranous, spathulate, 4 in. long, glabrous inside, boldly
striate and hispid-pubescent extornally. Staminal-tube stellate-pub-
escent. Capsule obovoid, truncate, shorter than the persistent close-
ly adherent calyx, densely stellate-pubescent and very rugulose, 5-
valved, dehiscing only at the apex. Seeds numerous, obovate, sub-
compressed, with shortly pilose angles, the rest of the surface scaly.

Mount Ophir, Malacca ; Maingay (Kew Distrib.) 216. Perak ;
King’s Collector 7024.

I have not been able to detect stipules on any of the specimens

1 have seen. They are probably fugacious.

5. Thespesia, Corr.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire. Inflorescence axillary. Bracteoles
5-8, arising from the thickened end of the peduncle, deciduous. Calyx
cup-shaped, truncate, minutely 5-toothed. Corolla convolute. Staminal-
tube 5-toothed at the apex. Ovary 4-5-celled ; stylo club-shaped, 5-
furrowed, entire or 5-toothed ; ovules few in each cell. Capsule loculi-
cidal or scarcely dehiscent. Seeds tomentose ; cotyledons conduplicate,
black-dotted. — Natives of tropical Asia, Madagascar, and Australasia ;
species about 6.

T. populnea, Corr. in Ann. Mus. ix. p. 290. A tree 20 to 30 feet
high, young shoots scaly. Leaves on long petioles, sub-coriaceous,
broadly cordate, acuminate, entire, glabrous above, sparsely scaly on
lower surface ; the base 5 to 7-nerved with a glandular pore between
the nerves ; length 4'5 to 6 in., breadth 3 to 4 in. petiole 2'5 in. Flowers

2 to 3 in. in diam., solitary, axillary, on peduncles shorter than the
petioles ; petals bright yellow with a brown spot at the base ; bracteoles
close to the calyx, lanceolate, often abortive. Capsule 1 to 1'5 in. in diam.,
depressed-spheroidal, scaly, becoming glabrescent ; pericarp of 2 layers.
Seeds 1 to 3 in each cell, reniform, minntely tomentose or mealy. Mast,
in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 345 ; Kurz For. FI. Burm. i. 128 ; Miq. FI.
Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 150; Pierre FI. For. Coch-Chine x. 173; Bl. Bijdr.
73; Cav. Diss. iii. 152, t. 56, f. 1 ; DC. Prodr. i. 456; W. & A. Prodr.
i. 54; Wight Ic. t. 8; Thwaites Enum. 27; Beddome FI. Sylvat. t. 63;

48 G. Kin g — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 18; Wall. Cat. 1888, 1, 2, & C to H. Miq. FI.
Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 150. Hibiscus populneus, L. ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 51 ;
Flor. Ind. iii. 190. H. populneoides, Roxb. l.c. Malvaviscus populneus,
Gsertn. Fruct. ii. 253, t. 135. Azanza acuminata, Alefeld Bot. Zeit.
1861, 299.

In all tlie provinces, on the sea-shore. Distrib. Tropics generally.

6. Bombax, Linn.

Trees. Leaves digitate, deciduous. Peduncles axillary or subter-
minal, solitary or clustered, 1-flowered. Flowers appearing before the
leaves. Bracteoles 0. Calyx coriaceous, cup-shaped, truncate or lobed.
Petals obovate or oblong. Stamens in 5 bundles opposite the petals :
filaments numerous ; anthers reniform, 1-celled. Ovary 5-celled, rnulti-
ovulate ; style clavate, stigmas 5. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved, valves
coriaceous, wooly within. Seeds silky, the testa thin, albumen small ;
cotyledons contortuplicate. About 10 species, all tropical and mostly
American ; 1 in Africa.

1. B. INSIGNE, Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 71, t. 79, 80; Cat. 1841. A
tall tree ; trunk without prickles ; branehlots armed or not ; all parts
glabrous. Leaves 7-9-foliolate ; leaflets sub-coriaceous, obovate or ob-
lanceolate, shortly acuminate, attenuate at the base, glaucous beneath ;
length 5 to 8 in., breadth 2'5 to 3 in. ; petiolules '5 to '75 in. : petioles
longer than the leaflets. Flowers 5 or 6 in. long, solitary towards the
end of the leafless branches ; peduncles '75 in. long, stout, clavate.
Calyx 1'5 in. long, thickly coriaceous, urceolate-globose, obscurely and
irregularly lobed, ultimately 2-cleft, sub-glabrous outside, silky inside.
Petals fleshy, oblong, obtuse, recurved, internally glabrous, externally
shortly sericeous, red to orange or yellowish. Stamens many ; filaments
fleshy, united for '5 in. above the base iuto 4 or 5 bundles. Capsule
oblong, 10 in. long by 1'5 in thick, curved, glabrous. Mast, in Hook. til.
FI. Br. Ind. i. 349 ; Kurz For. FI. Burm. i, 130 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
1873, ii. p. 61- B. festivum, Wall. Cat. 1841.

Andamans. Distrib. Burmali.

The earliest name of this is B. festivum (1828). But at p. 89 of
his Catalogue, Wallich changed this to tt. insigne, under which name
he figured and described it. It comes very near to B. malabaricum,
DC.; but Wallich says it is a much smaller tree, and Kurz says it
has many more stamens, than the former. I include it as an Anda-
man plant solely on the authority of the late Mr. Kurz, but 1 have
seen no specimen collected by him or by any other person in the
Andamans. And 1 have a strong suspicion that what Kurz regarded

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 49

as B. insigne is really an undescribed species which Wallich issued as
1840-2 B of his Catalogue under the name B. malabaricum, var. albijlora.
His No. 3 of the same name 1 have not seen. A tree with leaves
exactly like Wallich’s 1840-4 and with unarmed trunk and branches
has recently been collected in the little Coco Island by Dr. D. Prain for
the Calcutta Herbarium.

2. B. malabaricdm, DC. Prod. i. 479. A tree with the general
characters of the last, but much larger ; and with the trunk and branches
prickly, the leaflets much narrower (lanceolate not obovate) and the
flowers and fruit smaller. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 349; Kurz
For. FI. Burm. i. 136 ; Bl. Bijdr 81 ; Wight 111. t. 29 ; W. & A. Prodr.
i. 61 ; Wall. Cat. 1840 (exclude No. 4 and possibly No. 2 B) ; Bed-
dome FI. Sylvat. t. 82. Salmalia malabarica, Schott Meletem, 35 ;
Thwaites Enum. 28 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 22; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i.
pt. 2, 166. Bombax heptaphylla, Cav. Diss. v. p. 293 ; Roxb. Hort. Beng.
50; Cor. PI. iii. t. 247; FI. Ind. iii. 167. B. Geiba, Burm. FI. Ind. 145,
excl. syn. Gossampinus rubra, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv.

Andamau Islands ; common.

7, EmODENDRON, DC.

Trees. Leaves digitate, deciduous. Flowers appearing before the
leaves, tufted at the ends of the branches, or axillary, large white or rose-
coloured. Bracteoles 0. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, or 3-5-fid. Petals
oblong. Staminal bundles 5, opposite the petals, connate at the base,
each bearing 2-3 sinuous or linear anthers. Ovary ovoid, 5-celled ; style
cylindrical, dilated, stigma obscurely 5-lobed. Capsule oblong, coria-
ceous or woody, 5-celled, 5-valved, valves densely silky within. Seeds
globose or obovoid ; testa crustaceous, smooth with silky hairs, albumen
scanty ; cotyledons contortuplicate. — About eight species — 1 Asiatic and
African, the others American.

1. E. anfractuosum, DC. Prod. i. 479. A tall tree, the trunk
prickly when young ; branchlets stout, smooth, glaucous. Leaflets 8 or
9, lanceolate, acuminate, entire or serrnlate towards the apex, the base
acute ; glaucous beneath ; length 3 to 4 in., breadth '75 to 1 in., petiolule
'25 in. broad ; petioles usually longer than the leaflets. Flowers pedun-
culate, in fascicles of 3 to 8 below the apices of the branches ; peduncles
1 to 2 in. long, minutely bracteate: involucre none. Calyx cup-shaped,
with 5 rounded lobes, glabrous externally, sericeous internally. Petals
oblanceolate, tomentose externally, glabrous within, l to 1'5 in. long,
whitish. Filaments shorter than the petals. Capsule oblong, 3 to 5 in.
long, smooth. Seeds numerous, sub-ovoid, black. Mast, in Hook. fil.

7

50 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. I,

FI. Br. Ind. i. 350 ; Bl. Bijdr. 81 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 61 ; Wight Ic. t.
400 ; Griff. Not. iv. 533 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 22; Miq. FI. Ind.
Bat. i. pt. 2, 166; Beddome FI. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. t. 4. Wall. Cat.
1839. Bombax pmtandrum, Linn. Sp. PI. 989; Cav. Diss. v. 293, t. 151 ;
Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 165. B. orientate, Spreng. Syst. iii. 124. Oeiba
pentandra, Gsertn. Frnct. ii. 244, t. 133 ; Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soe.
xv. 126. Eriodendron orientate, Stend. Nomencl. 587 ; Thwaites Enum.
28; Kurz For. FI. Br. Burm. i. 131.

In all the provinces. Distrib. Malayan Archipelago, British
India, West Indies. Often planted.

8. Dukio, Linn.

Trees, with entiro coriaceous penni-nerved leaves, scaly beneath
(except in D. Oxleyanus) . Flowers in lateral cymes : peduncles angular.
Bracts 2 or l, connate into a cup, or distinct below, tips free, deciduous.
Calyx bell-shaped, leathery, like the bracteoles densely scaly, the sepals
distinct, or 5-fid, lobes valvate oblong or rounded. Petals 5, contorted-
imbricate, spathulate, longer than the sepals. Staminal-tube divided
into 4-5 phalanges opposite the petals ; filaments many, bearing a
globose head of sinuous l-celled anthers, or (in I). Oxleyanus) a single
annular l-celled anther. Ovary usually scaly externally, 4-5-celled ;
styles connate, stigmas capitate ; ovules many and 2-seriate in each cell.
Fruit very large, subglobose or oblong, spiny, indehiscent or loculicidally
5-valved. Seeds arillate ; cotyledons fleshy, often connate. Distrib.
Malay Peninsula and islands ; speoies 3.

1. D. Zibethinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. edit. xiii. p. 581. A tall tree ;
young branches thin and, like all the soft parts except the upper
surfaces of the leaves, minutely scaly. Leaves elliptic-oblong, rarely
ohovate-ohlong, shortly and abruptly acuminate, the base rounded ;
both surfaces shining, the upper glabrous, the lower adpressed-Iepidote ;
main nerves 10 to 12 pairs, thin, slightly ascending; length 4'5 to 6 in.,
bngadth 1’5 to 1'8 in., petiole ’4 to ’5 in. Flowers 2 in, long, 2 to 3 in.
in diam., on long slender pendulous dichotomus peduncles in fascicles
from the stem and larger branches, globose in bud : peduncles lepidote,
3 in. long, the bracts embracing the calyx and shorter than it. Calyx
tubular, ventricose at the base, the limb with 5 or 6 short broad teeth.
Petals twice as long as the calyx, spathulate. Stamens in 5 bundles
united only at the very base ; the filaments in each bundle united for
one-fourth of their length : anthers glomerulate, reniform, compressed.
Ovary elongate-ovoid, scaly ; style pubescent, as long as the stamens.
Fruit ovoid-globose, 8 to 1 2 in. long, woody, densely covered with strong

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 51

smooth pyramidal spines, 5-valved. Seeds few, large, with copious suc-
culent arillus. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 351, and Journ. Linn.
Soc. xiv. 501 ; Beceari Malesia, iii. 230, t. xii. f. 1 to 5, xxxvi. f. 1 to 12 ;
Kurz For. FI. Burm. i. 131 ; DO. Prod. i. 480 ; Bl. Bijdr. 81 ; Koen. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 266, t. 14 — 16; Roxb. FI. Ind iii. 399. Miq. FI.
Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 167. Griff. Not. iv. 528 ; Ic. t. 596. Wall. Cat. 1842.
— Rumph. Arab, i, 99, t. 29.

In all the provinces except probably the Nicobars, cultivated,
Distrib. Malayan Archipelago.

2. D. LowianOS, Scortechini MSS. A tree 50 to 60 feet high j
young branchlets and petioles and lower surface of midrib with rather
large loose scales. Leaves narrowly elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate ;
the base rounded, not attenuate; upper surface glabrous, the midrib
puberulous, lower quite covered with adpressed scales, mostly minute,
but a few larger and loose ; main nerves 14 to 18 pairs, faint, sub-horizon-
tal; length 4'5 to 55 in., breadth 15 to 2 in.; petiole *5 in. stout.
Cymes crowded on small tubercles on branches several years old, tricho-
tomous, 3 in. in diam. and about as long. Flower-pedicels '5 to '75 in.
long, angled, covered with loose coppery scales. Flowers 2 in. in diam. ;
bracts 2 or 3, '5 in. long, broadly ovate, connate, deciduous. Calyx cam-
panulate, its base sub-inflated, '75 in. long, its mouth with 3 broad
blunt, shallow teeth, glabrous inside, covered with largo silvery scales
outside. Petals 5, oblauceolate, glabrous inside, pubescent outside,
1'25 in. long. Stamens in 5 phalanges, dividing shortly above the base
into about 8 processes each dividing at its apex into several short fila-
ments, each bearing a single reniform anther with marginal dehiscence.
Ovary broadly ovoid, densely covered with large loose scales, 5-celled
with 4 ovules in each, biseriate. Style cylindric, tapering, pubescent :
stigma capitate. Fruit unknown.

Perak. Scortechini No. 1969.

A species collected only once, and named by the late lamented
Father Scortechini in honour of Sir Hugh Low, representative of the
British Government at Perak, and to whose enlightened help Malayan
Botany owes very much. The species approaches D. Zibethinus in many
respects.

3. D. malaccensis, Planch. MSS. Mast, in Hook. fil. El. Br. Ind.
i. 351. A tree ; the young branches thin, very minutely adpressed*
scaly. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate with acute apices ; the base acute, some-
times slightly rounded ; main nerves about 20 pairs, thin, almost
horizontal ; both surfaces shining, the upper glabrous, the lower Very

52 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

minutely adpressed-scaly ; length 5 to 6'5 in., breadth 15 to 1'8 in.;
petiole '5 in., scaly like the branches. Peduncles "5 to 1 in. long, in
fascicles from tubercles on the stem, angled, bifurcating at the apex
and bearing two pedicellate flowers, sometimes bearing one or two
pedicels below the apex : pedicels two or three times as long as the
common peduncles, angled, loosely scaly. Flowers 2 5 to 3 in. long.
Bracts 2, broadly ovate, acute, embracing the buds. Sepals 5, ovate-
oblong, blunt, valvate, 125 in. long, glabrous internally but with numer-
ous very loose scales externally. Petals nearly twice as long as the sepals,
narrowly oblong, pubescent on both surfaces, the outer with a few loose
scales. Anthers narrowly oblong, 1 -celled, sessile in groups on the
apices of groups of combined filaments which are again united iuto 5
phalanges which, for more than half their length, form a tube round the
ovary and style. Ovary oblong, angled, densely covered with scales
with long cylindric stalks and flat heads. Style shorter than the starni-
ual tube, pubescent, slightly scaly. Stigma capitate. Young fruit
globular, densely covered with subulate pubescent spines. Pipe fruit
unknown. Mast, in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 501, t. xiv. fig. 17 to 20:
Beccari Malesia, iii. 237, t. xii. fig. 6 to 8.

Malacca; Griffith, Maingay (No. 212, Kew Distrib.) Distrib.
Burmrh.

This is known only from Malacca and Burmah. It is distinguished
from D. Perakensis, which in other respects it much resembles, by the
stalked scales on the ovary, and by the larger and looser scales on the
leaves. Doubtless when ripe fruit of both is found, better characters
will be yielded by it. Beccari’s specimen No. 852, and the same distin-
guished botanist’s Nos. 2190 and 2590 from Borneo, have been referred
by Masters (Journ. Linn. Soc. 1. c.) to this species. But Beccari (in
Malesia iii. 238, 244) founded his species D. afjlinis on the former, and
his B. testitudinarum on the two latter.

4. D. testitudinarum, Becc. Malesia, iii. p 244, t. xiii and xiv.
A tall tree bearing flowers only near the base of the trunk ; young
branches rather slender, minutely sub-adpressed scaly. Leaves narrowly
elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, the
margins (in var. 2) sometimes with a single wide shallow indentation,
the base rounded ; upper surface glabrous, the lower densely covered
with sub-adpressed scales: main nerves 18 to 22 pairs, rather bold,
subhorizontal : length 4 6 to 8'5 in. (only 2'5 to 3 5 in. in var. 1 and
much longer and broader in var. 2) ; breadth 1'4 to 22 in. ; petiole
6 to 25 in , thickened at apex. Flowers 3 to 3'5 in. long, in short con-
densed bracteolate racemes from tubercles near the base of the trunk ;

53

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

the axes, pedicels, bracteoles and bracts densely covered with large
loose scales • bracts enveloping the buds 2, bi'oadly ovate, blunt. Sepals
5, valvate, wide and saccate at tbe base, tbe apices narrowed, glabrous
inside, densely covered outside with loose large scales. Petals narrowly
oblong, obtuse, more than twice as long as the sepals. Stamens as in
T). Malaccensis. Ovary oblong, densely covered with loose, flat, sessile
scales. Style shorter than the stamens, pubescent, sparsely scaly.
Stigma capitate. Fruit (according to Beccari) on long peduncles,
globose, 4 in. in diam., with 4 or 5 slight superficial grooves, densely
covered with short broad pyramidal spines. Seeds sub-ovate, obtuse,
angled ; the arillus short, thin, cup-shaped.

Perak; at low elevations, Kuustler, Wray. Distrib. Borneo.

Var. 1. Pinangiana, Becc. 1. c. 246. Leaves narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, 2'5 to 3 5 in. long by ’6 to 9 in. broad. Flowers smaller than
in the typical form : fruit unknown.

Penang, at 2,500 feet ; Curtis No. 293. This variety, of which only
imperfect specimens have as yet been obtained, will probably, when full
material shall be forthcoming, prove to be a distinct species.

Var. 2. macrophylla, King. Leaves 10 to 17 in. long, 2 5 to 5'5 in.
broad, the edge sometimes with a single shallow indentation. Racemes
3 in. long, many-flowered, with uumerous bracteoles.

Perak; Kuustler 7497, Wray 3397. No fruit of this variety has
as yet been collected. Like the last, it may prove to be a distinct
species.

5. D. Wrayii, King, n. sp. A large tree ; young hranches very
slender and, like the petioles and under surface of midrib, covered with
rather large adpressed pale brown scales. Leaves narrowly elliptic-
oblong with caudate acuminate apex and rounded base ; upper surface
quite glabrous, lower closely covered with thin adpressed silvery scales
smaller than these on the midrib ; main nerves 10 to 12 pairs, sub-
horizontal, faint: length 5'5 to 8'5 in., breadth 2 to 2'5 in., petiole 75
in. Flowers nearly 2 in. long, from the branches; pedicels of individual
flowers rather more than 1 in. long, with many large loose scales.
Bracts 3, broadly ovate, connate. Calyx cup-shaped, the mouth with
5 broad, rather deep, sub-acute teeth ; inside glabrous, outside covered
with large adpressed silvery scales as are also the bracts. Petals
1'5 in. long, oblanceolate, or spathulate-clawed, the claw very narrow,
pubescent on both surfaces but especially on the outer. Stamens in
5 phalanges united at the bases only, each phalange dividing into 5 or 6
processes at the apices of which are born about 8 narrow reuiform
anthers dehiscing by their edges. Ovary broadly ovoid, loosely scaly.

54 Gr. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula . [No. 1,

Style longer than the stamens, cylindric, pubescent, not scaly : stigma
capitate. Fruit unknown.

Upper Perak at 300 feet ; Wray.

The fruit of this is unknown. Mr. Wray describes the petals as
pink. The caudate-lanceolate leaves of this are different from those of
any other Durio of the Malayan Peninsula.

6. D. Oxleyanus, Griff. Notul. iv. 531. A tree, the young branches,
petioles and under surfaces of the midrib adpressed-lepidote. Leaves
elliptic-oblong, rounded at base and apex ; upper surface glabrous ; the
lower softly pubescent, not scaly except on the midrib, the 15 to 18
pairs of main nerves Stout, sub-horizontal, prominent beneath ; length
3'5 to 5 in., breadth 1*5 to 2 in., petiole '5 in. Flowers about 1 in. in
diam., in few-flowered scaly cymes from the smaller branches. Involu-
cral bracts 2, broadly ovate, pubescent, sparsely and minutely scaly. Galya :
cup-shaped, the mouth with 4 broad shallow rather blunt teeth, inside
glabrous, outside with many large loose scales. Petals 4, oblauceolate
or spathulate, little longer than the calyx, pubescent on both surfaces,
not scaly. Stamens 20, shorter than the petals ; 5 free and alternating
with 5 phalanges of 3 each which are slightly united by the bases of
their filaments : anthers solitary, drum-shaped, the dehiscence circular.
Ovary depressed-globular, 4-eelled, densely stellate-hairy. Style cyliu-
dric, pilose ; stigma capitate. Fruit unknown. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI.
Br. Ind. i. 351 and Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 501, t. xvi. fig. 13 to 16.
.Beccari Malesia, III, 252. Neesia Griffithii , Planch. MSS.

Malacca, Griffith No. 545. Maingay, No. 220, (Kew Distrib.)

This differs, as Beccari has well pointed out (Malesia 1. c.), from
the other species of Durio by the absence of scales from every part of
the leaf except the petiole and midrib ; by the single, not glomerulate,
anthers ; by the hairy, not squamose, ovary. Should the fruit when
found also present differences, it may be desirable to create a new
genus for this species.

9. Boschia, North.

Trees. Leaves oblong, entire, scaly beneath. Flowers small, axil-
lary. Bracteoles 2-3, connate at the base, deciduous. Calyx deeply
4-5 parted. Petals linear-ligulate, entire or laciniate. Stamens many,
some free, others irregularly coherent, outermost without anthers ;
anthers globose, 1-celled, opening by a terminal pore, solitary, or in
groups of 2-6. Ovary 3-5-celled, style elongate ; ovules one or more in
each cell. Fruit oblong, 3 to 5-celled, 3 to 5-valved, muricate. Seeds
few, ovoid, half-covered by a fleshy, coloured, cup-shaped arillus j coty-
ledons foliaceous. Species 4 : all Malayan.

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 55

1. B. Griffithii, Masters in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 352. A tree
40 to 60 feet high ; young branches rather slender, pale, minutely
furfuraceous. Leaves oblong, or elliptic-oblong, or obovate-oblong,
shortly and abruptly acuminate, slightly narrowed towards the rounded
base ; upper surface quite glabrous ; the lower pale, very minutely pu-
bescent, the midrib and nerves slightly scaly; main nerves 8 to 11 pairs,
spreading, prominent beneath and dark coloured; length 5 to 6'5 in.,
breadth P5 to 2 25. in., petiole - 4 to '6 in. : stipules linear, deciduous.
Flowers '75 in. in diam., solitary, or in 2 to 3-flowered cymes from the
axils of leaves or of fallen leaves ; pedicels shorter than the petioles,
bracteolate. Involucral bracts 2, broadly-ovate, blunt, connate at the
base, closely enveloping the buds ; scaly externally, glabrous within.
Sepals 4, ovate, spreading, pnbescent on both surfaces, scaly also on the
outer. Petals 4 to 8, nearly twice as long as sepals, linear or linear-
spathulate, 1 in. broad. Stamens very numerous, unequal, slightly
united by the bases of the filaments : the outer without anthers, some
flat resembling the petals, a few of the inner longer and bearing at
their apices 1 to 4 oblong obovoid anthers which dehisce by an apical
pore. Ovary ovoid, 3-celled, densely covered with peltate, fimbriate,
long-stalked scales. Style as long as the longest stamens. Stigma sub-
capitate. Fruit oblong, pointed at each end, l - 5 to 2 in. long, densely
covered with sharp stout conical spines, 3-celled, dehiscent. Seeds 3 to
6, or fewer. Mast, in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. t. xv, fig. 29 to 39, t. xvi.,
fig. 40 to 42. Beccari Malesia III-, p. 256. Heteropyxis, Griff. Not. iv.
524 ; Ic. PI. As. t. 594.

Malacca ; Griffith, Maingay. Perak, very common. Distrib.
Sumatra, Forbes, No. 3068.

10. Neesia, Blume.

Trees. Branches marked with large leaf-scars. Leaves entire,
pinnate-veined. Stipules leafy. Cymes from the stem in the axils of
the fallen leaves. Bracteoles 3, connate into a cup, deciduous, covered,
like the sepals, with peltate scales. Calyx ventricose, conical above,
opening by a circular irregularly crenulate orifice at the top, ultimately
dilated and cushion-shaped at the base. Petals 5, free, imbricate.
Stamens numerous, the filaments more or less united ; anthers 2-celled,
opening lengthwise, connective thick ; staminodes 0. Ovary oblong,
5-celled; style short; stigma capitate; ovules numerous, 2-seriato,
horizontal, anatropous. Fruit ovoid, woody, muricate, loculicidally 5-
valved. Seeds albuminous ; aril 0 ; cotyledons flat, leafy. Distrib.
Seven species, all Malayan.

56 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

N. synandra, Mast. in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 352. A tree 70 to
100 feet high ; young branches stout, their bark dark lenticellate and with
large cicatrices. Leaves large, crowded near the apices of the branches,
coriaceous, oblong-elliptic to obovate-elliptic : the apex rounded, emar-
ginate; the edges sub-undulate, slightly narrowed in the lower third to
the sub-cordate base ; upper surface glabrous, lower puberulous ; nerves
13 to 22 pairs, spreading, stout and distinct on both surfaces, the reti-
culations also distinct ; length 7 to 16 in., breadth 3'5 to 8 in. ; petiole
1'5 to 3 in., thickened at base and apex ; stipules foliaceous, with very
stout midribs, 1 "5 to 2‘5 in. long. Cymes short (1'5 in. long), crowded,
dichotomous, 8 to 12-flowered, from the axils of sub-apical fallen leaves ;
the pedicels short, scaly. Flowers about 'G in. long. Bracts connate into
a 3-lobed cup surrounding the base of the flowers. Calyx ventricose
with a contracted irregularly and minutely toothed mouth, densely
pubescent inside, scaly outside as are the bracts, ultimately involute so
as to form an annular cushion '5 in. or more in diam. Petals 5, free,
much imbricate, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous. Stamens numerous, the
filaments more or less connate at the base, unequal ; anthers sub-globu-
lar, 2-celled. Ovary conical, sessile, densely pilose, not scaly : style
slightly longer than the ovary ; stigma capitate, 5-angled. Fruit 6 to
8 in. long and 4 to 5 in. in diam., ovoid-conic, pedunculate, with 5 bold
rounded vertical angles : the pericarp very thick, woody, externally
covered with stout pyramidal sharp spines, internally lined with a
dense layer of stiff yellow hair; 5-celled, dehiscent. Mast, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 504. Beccari Malesia, iii. 263.

Malacca, Maingay. Perak ; Scortecliini, Wray, King’s Collector.

I have seen no specimens of the plant ( N . altissima ) on which
Blume founded this genus. But, judging from his admirable description
and fine coloured figure (Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. xvii. 83, t. vi), this species
must be very closely allied to that. I find the stamens of this agree
both with Blume’s description above referred to, and with Sig. Beccari’s,
in his admirable and splendidly illustrated monograph in Malesia iii.
pp. 258 to 268. Ripe fruit and seeds of this are as yet unknown.

11. Ccelosteoia, Benth,

Tall trees. Leaves simple, entire, scaly beneath. Flowers small
(scarcely '25 in. in diam.), cymose ; the inflorescence, bracts and calyx
scaly. Bracts connate into a toothed cup. Calyx with constricted tube,
pouched above and constricted at the apex into 5 connivent lobes.
Petals 5, free, inserted near the apex of the calyx tube, connivent.
Stamens numerous ; the filaments short, thick, slightly connate at the
base, the apex constricted ; the anthers globose, 3 to 4-celled. Ovary

1891.] G. King — Materials f or a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 57

partly immersed in the calyx-tube, globular or sub-globular, 5-celled ;
the ovules few, erect. Style short; stigma peltate, discoid, large.
Fruit large, woody, muricate externally, hairy within, 5-celled, few-
seeded, dehiscent. Throe species ; all Malayan.

C. Gbiffithii, Benth. in Benth. & Hook. fil. Gen. Plant, i. 213.
A tree ; the young branches rather slender, dark-coloured, striate,
minutely and deoiduously scaly. Leaves coriaceous, oval, shortly and
bluntly acuminate, the base rounded ; upper surface glabrous, lower
sparsely adpressed- scaly ; main nerves about 8 pairs, spreading, faint ;
length 2 - 4 to 3 75 in., breadth 1‘25 to l - 6 in.; petiole '5 to 75 in.,
minutely adpressed-scaly. Inflorescence of fasciculate cymose racemes
about 2 in. long, from the axils of fallen leaves, many-flowered ; pedicels
longer than the flowers. Flowers ‘25 in. in diam,, scaly. Bracts connate
into a 3-lobed cup less than half as long as the calyx. Calyx constrict-
ed at the base, then dilated into a 5-pouched sac which is contracted
and 5-toothed at its apex. Petals 5, distinct, inserted on the calyx at
the apex of its tube, triangular, acute, conuivent, fleshy, glabrous.
Stamens numerous, attached to the petals ; the anthers small, globose,
3 or 4-celled. Ovary globular-obovate, densely covered with large
loose scales. Style shorter than the ovary ; stigma peltate, thick, its
edges wavy. Fruit unknown. Mast, in Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. i. 353
and Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 505, t. xvi, figs. 43 to 50. Beccari Malesia,
iii. 270.

Malacca, Griffith; Perak, Scortechini, King’s Collector.

Fruit was not known when this genus was first established by
the late Mr. Bentham ; and, of this species, fruit is still unknown. Sig.
Beccari has, however, discovered two species in Sumatra and Borneo
(G. Sumatrana and Bornensis) the fruit of which he describes and
figures ( Malesia , iii. 271, t. xxvii. to xxix) ; and from his description
the generic description has been completed.

Order XVIII. STERCULIACE^E.

Herbs, shrubs or trees ; herbaceous portions usually more or less
stellate-pubescent Baric usually abounding in mucilage, inner fibrous.
Leaves alternate, simple, often lobed, stipulate. Inflorescence axillary,
rarely torminal, usually cymose. Flowers regular, uni- or bi-sexual.
Sepals 5. often connate. Petals 5 or 0. Andrcecium columnar or tubu-
lar, of many stamens; or stamens rarely few, free ; anthers in heads,
or in a single ring at the apex of the column, or dispersed on the out-
side of the tube, or arranged along the edge of a cup or tube, with
intervening staminodes or sterile stamens ; anther-cells always 2,
8

58 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

parallel or divergent. Ovaries 2 to 5, free, rarely 1, sessile or stalked ;
styles slightly united and becoming free or slightly coherent, as many as
the ovaries. Ovules many or few, attached to the inner angles of
the ovaries, anatropons, ascending or horizontal, raphe ventral or lateral.
Fruit dry or fleshy, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds sometimes arillate,
albuminous or exalbuminous : cotyledons leafy, flat, folded or con-
volute ; radicle short, inferior, pointing towards, or remote from the
hilum. Distrib. Abundant in the tropics of either hemisphere and in
subtropical Africa and Australia. Genera 40 — 45 ; species from 500 to
600.

Tribe I. Sterculiece. Flowers unisexual or poly-
gamous. Petals 0. Andrcecium columnar;

D

the anthers clustered at its apex ; or in a
1-seriate ring.

Anthers numerous.

Ovary with 2 or more ovules in each
cell ; fruit dehiscent ...

Ovarian cells 1-ovuled ; fruit indehiscent
Anthers 5, whorled ; fruit indehiscent.

1. Sterculia.

2. Tarrietia.

3. Eeritiera.

Tribe II. Eelicterece. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Petals deciduous. Andrcecium columnar be-
low, dilated above into a cup, margin bear-
ing on it the anthers usually alternating
with staminodes.

Capsule membranous, inflated...

Capsule more or less woody, not inflated.
Anther-cells divaricato; seeds not winged
Anther-cells parallel ; seeds winged ...

Tribe III. Eermanniece. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Petals marcescent, flat. Andrcecium tubular
at the base only ; stamens 5, staminodes 0.

Ovary 5-celled ... ... ...

Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded

Tribe IV. Buettnerice. Petals concave or ungui-
culate at the base ; filaments in a tube with
the anthers at its apex, solitary or in groups
between staminodes.

Stamens in a single series.

Stamens in groups betweenthe staminodes ;
Petals unguiculate

4. Kleinhovia.

5. Eelicteres.

6 Pterospermum.

7. Melochia.

8. Waltheria.

9. A brorna.

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 59

Stamens solitary between the staminodes.

Petals unguioulate, with 2 lateral

lobes and a long subterminal ap-
pendage ... ... ... 10. Buettneria.

Petals linear not lobed, concave not

unguiculate at the base ... 11. Oommersonia.

Stamens in several series ... ... 12. Leptonychia.

1. Sterculia, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, entire or palmately lobed, some-
times digitately compound. Inflorescence panicled or racemose, usually
axillary and crowded towards the apices of the branches. Flowers male
and hermaphrodite. Calyx campanulate or rotate, 4-5 lobed, often
coloured. Petals 0. Staminal column bearing a head or ring of usually
sessile, 2-celled, anthers at its apex, the cells often divergent. Carpels
5, distinct or slightly cohering, 2 to many-ovuled, borne on the apex of a
more or less elongated gynophore ; styles more or less connate : stigmas
free or united so as to form a peltate lobed disc. Ripe carpels distinct,
spreading, sessile or stalked, follicular, from membranous to woody, with
several (rarely many) seeds ; or navicular with a single seed. Seeds 1 to
many, sometimes winged, rarely arillate ; albumen bipartite, flat or lobed :
cotyledons thin flat and adherent to the albumen, or fleshy ; radicle near
to or remote from the hilum. Distrib. About 70 species tropical and
chiefly Asiatic.

Sect. I. Eusterculia, Endl. Follicle coriaceous or
woody. Seeds two or more.

Leaves simple, orbicular or reniform.

Leaves lobed.

Follicles glabrous within, the edges
only ciliate ; gynophore and stami-
nal tube glabrous

Follicles hispid-pilose within ; gyno-
phore and staminal tube hairy
Leaves not lobed

Leaves simple, longer than broad ; not or-
bicular or reniform.

Leaves quite glabrous.

Calyx-lobes not cohering by their
apices

Calyx-lobes cohering by their apices.

Flowers in racemes : nerves of
leaves 6 pairs or fewer

1. S. villosa.

2. S. ornata.

3. S. macrophylla.

4. S. laevis.

5. /S', hypo slid a.

60 G. King — Materials fur a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

Flowers in panicles : nerves of
leaves more than 6 pairs
Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceo-
late; follicles 1 to 1'25 in.
long ...

Leaves ovate or obovate-oblong
to narrowly elliptic.

Ovaries 3, villous : stamens 7
Ovaries 5, scaly; stamens 10
Leaves more or less hairy.

Calyx-lobes not cohering by their
apices : leaves glandular-dotted
beneath

Calyx-lobes slightly cohering by their

apices: leaves white beneath ... 10. 8. hicolor.
Calyx-lobes spreading, connivent and
cohering by their apices.

Stigmas free, long, recurved ... 11. S. aagustifolia.
Stigmas united into a lobed disc.

Leaves more or less obovate 12. S. rubiginosa.

„ lanceolate ... ... 13. S. ensifolia.

Species of uncertain position... ... 14. 8. pubescens.

Sect. II. Firmiana, Marsili ; Br. in Benn. PI. Jav.

Rar. 235 (gen.). Follicles membranous,
opening long before maturity. Seeds two or
more.

Calyx '75 in. long : staminal tube about

the same length ; adult leaves glabrous... 15. 8. colorata.
Calyx 1'25 in. long, staminal tube ‘5 in.
longer : adult loaves minutely stellate-
pubescent ... ... ... 16. S.fulgens.

Sect. III. Pterygota, Endl. (gen.). Follicles woody.

Seeds many, winged at the apex ... 17. S. alala.

Sect IY. Scaphium, Endl. Anthers 15, (some-
times 10). Stigmas lobed. Follicles large,
membranous, boat-shaped, often gibbous,
opening long before maturity, containing
only 1 seed near the base.

Leaves ovate-rotund, deeply cordate ... 18. S linearicarpa.
Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong : main

norves 2 to 4 pairs ... ... 19. 8. scaphigera.

6. 8. parvifolia.

7. 8. Kunstleri.

8. 8. parvifolia.

9. S. Scorteehinii.

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 6l

Leaves elliptic-oblong : main nerves 6 to
7 pairs ... ••• 20. S. affinis.

Sect. V. Tterocymbium, Br, in Benn. PL Jav. Bar.

219 (gen.). Florvers sub-hermaphrodite.

Anthers 10. Styles coherent, stigmas re-
curved. Follicles 4 — 6, membranous, open-
ing long before maturity. Seed solitary.

Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, the
base deeply cordate ... ... 21. S. campanulata.

Leaves elliptic-oblong ; the base broadly

rounded or sub-truncate, not cordate... 22. S. tubulata.

1. S. villosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50. A tree 30 to 60 feet high :
young branches thick, their apices tawny-tomentose and enveloped
by the large sub-caducous stipules, the bark pale with large leaf-
cicatrices. Leaves thickly membranous, rotund or reniform, with 5 to 7
broad abruptly acuminate often toothed lobes, the sinuses between the
lobes acute ; the base deeply cordate, the basal lobes rounded : upper
surface at first minutely stellate-pubescent, ultimately glabrous, except
the 5 to 7 radiating tomentose nerves : under surface uniformly and
minutely tomentose ; length and breadth from 12 to 18 inches : petiole
deciduously densely pubescent, about as long as the blade : stipules
ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, with cordate bases, pubescent, sub-caducous.
Panicles from the axils of the previous year’s leaves, solitary, from
6 to 12 in. long : branches short, many-flowered, tomentose. Calyx
campannlate, - 4 in. in diam., with 5 ovate acute spreading lobes as long
as the tube, yellowish witli purple fundus, veined, puberulous outside
especially towards the base, almost glabrous inside. Male flower ;
staminal column longer than the calyx-tube, slightly curved, quite gla-
brous, bearing at its apex 10 sub-sessile anthers with thick connective
and 2 divergent cells. Female flower ; gynophore glabrous, thickened
above ; ovaries 5, conjoined, tomentose ; styles conjoined, puberulous,
curved ; stigma small, lobed. Follicles 3 to 5, coriaceous, sessile, bright
red when ripe, oblong, tapering to both ends ; 2 to 2 - 5 in. long by 1 in.
broad ; shortly hispid-pubescent externally, smooth and shining inter-
nally and glabrous except along the placental edges which are strongly
ciliate. Seeds 6 or more, oval, smooth. Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 153 ; Kurz
For. FI. Bunn. i. 136 ; Mast, in Hook fii. FI. Br. Ind. i. 355; Pierre FI.
Forest. Coch-Chine, t. 185, fig. D. ; Wall. Cat. 1136, 2, 3, D. ; W. & A.
Prodr. i. 63 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 22 ; Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar.
227.

Andamans, Prain. Distrib. British India.

62 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula [No. 1,

2. S. ornata, Wall, in Herb. Calcutta. A tree 20 to 30 feet liigli :
young branches thick, glabrous, pale, the leaf-cicatrices very large, the
apices deciduously pilose, coccineous drying into brown. Leaves thickly
membranous, reniform, more or less deeply divided into 5 or 7 acumi-
nate lobes, the sinuses between the lobes wide, the base deeply cordate ;
upper surface minutely strigose, often stellate, minutely pitted ; lower
surface yellowish-brown, minutely and uniformly tawny-tomentose,
minutely glandular-dotted under the hair; the 5 to 7 radiating main
nerves and the ascending secondary nerves bold and distinct; length
about 12 in., breadth about 15 in. ; petiole 15 to 18 in. long, thickened
at the base, minutely tomentose. Panicles from the axils of the pre-
vious year’s leaves, solitary, 8 to 15 in. long, shortly branched, many-
flowered, pulverulent reddish-tomentose. Calyx oclire-coloured with
red fundus, veined, widely campanulate, sub-rotate, with 5 ovate acute
spreading lobes longer than the tube, stellate- pubescent externally, puberu-
lous internally; '75, in. in diam. Male flower ; gynophore about as long
asthetube, curved, sparsely glandular-hairy, bearing at its apex 10 small
anthers with thick connective. Female flower; gynophore thickened
above, densely tawny-tomentose as are the conjoined ovarios and curved
stylo ; the ovarios with a ring of about 10 sessile anthers at their base ;
stigma discoid, rugulose, 5-lobed. Follicles about 5, sessile, coriaceous,
narrowly oblong, very shortly beaked, brilliant orange scarlet when ripe,
outside glabrescent, inside densely coocineous-pilose ; length 4 in.,
breadth 1'25 in. Seeds about 6, oval, smooth. Wall, in Voigt Hort.
Calc. Suburb. 105 ( name only ) ; Kurz Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Vol. xlii. pt.
2, p. 258 ; Vol. xliii. pt. 2, p. 116; For. FI. Burm. i, 136. Sterculia
armata, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 357, in part. Pierre FI.
Forest. Coch-Cbiue, t. 185, fig. C.

Burma!) ; Wallich, Brandis, Kurz. Andamans, Kurz.

I include this species because, although the evidence of its having
been collected in the Andamans is not very good, I think it extremely
likely that it does occur there, and that good unmistakeable specimens
will soon be forthcoming. The species in many respects resembles S.
villosa, with which it appears to have often been confused. The distinc-
tive marks to separate it from S. villosa are that the leaves are minutely
dotted and pitted ; that the apices of the young branches have red hairs
(becoming brown on drying) ; that after the hairs have fallen the young
branches have pale polished bark with very lai’ge loaf-cicatrices and
some warts, but no sub-persistent stipules ; that the flowers are larger
( 75 in. in diam. as against '4 in) ; that the staminal column and gyno-
phore are hairy ; that the follicles are larger aud paler ; and that the
whole of their inner surface is densely hispid-pilose.

63

1891.] (1. King — Materials fur a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

3. S. macrophylla, Vent. Hort. Malm. ii. No. 91 (in note). A
tree 80 to 120 feet high; young branches very thick, rough from the leaf
cicatrices, the apices deciduously rufous or tawny-pilose. Leaves sub-
coriaceous, broadly ovate to ovate-rotund or obovate-rotund, eutire,
narrowing to the slightly cordate 7-nerved base; upper surface sparsely
and rather minutely pubescent, some of the hairs 2-branched, becoming
glabrescent with age, the midrib and nerves always pubescent ; under
surface sub-tomentose, tawny, the midrib and 6 to 8 pairs of lateral
nerves prominent, rufous-villose ; transverse venation distinct, rather
straight ; length 8 to 16 in., breadth 6 to 12 in., petiole 3'6 to 6 in.,
softly hairy, tawny. Panicles solitary, axillary, nearly as long as the
leaves, much-branched, many-flowered, hispidulous-pubescent, capillary,
shorter than the flowers. Flower-buds minute, sub-globose. Calyx
'15 in. long, campanulate, stellate-hairy, 5-lobed ; the lobes triangular,
erect, shorter than the tube. Follicles 3 to 5, shortly stalked, woody,
sub-rotund, about 2'25 in. each way, crimson when ripe, outside pubes-
cent and longitudinally rugose ; inside smooth. Seeds oblong, black,
smooth, '75 in. long. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Brit. Ind. i. 356; It. Brown
in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 230.

Malacca; Maingay No. 233 (Kew Dist.). Perak; at elevatious of
200 to 500 feet ; King’s Collector Nos. 6052 and 7923 ; Scortechini, No.
230. Distrib. Java, Brit. North Borneo.

4. S. LAE VIS, Wall. Cat. 1138. A shrub or small tree; young
branches rather thin, with pale striate bark, the apices deciduously
rusty-puberulous. Leaves membranous, narrowly ovate-oblong, sometimes
slightly obovate, the apex shortly and bluntly acuminate ; the base
tapering, acute, rarely rounded, faintly 3-nerved : both surfaces glabrous,
shining, the midrib and 6 to 9 pairs of spreading nerves prominent on
the lower: length 4'5 to 9 in., breadth 2 to 3 in.; petiole 11 to 2-5 in.,
smooth, thickened at the apex. Panicles meagre, solitary, axillary,
slender, puberulous, shorter than the leaves, few-flowered ; pedicels
about as long as the flowers. Flower-buds oblong. Calyx '5 in. long
or more, pubescent on both surfaces but especially on the inner ; the tube
urceolate, divided at its apex into 5 linear-oblong sub-acute ascending
lobes, longer than the tube, slightly connivent but not cohering by their
apices, hispidulous on their inner surface. Male flower ; staminal column
shorter than the tube, glabrous; anthers 10, sessile at its apex, elongate-
ovate. Hermaph. flower : gynophore very short ; ovaries 5, boat-shaped,
rusty-pubescent, sub-sessile, with a ring of 10 sessile anthers at their
base outside : styles almost obsolete ; stigmas 5, cylindric, free, radiat-
ing, recurved, pubescent beneath. Follicles 3 to 5, coriaceous, narrowly

64 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

oblong, with short straight beaks, bright red when ripe, puberulous
externally, slightly carved, glabrous, shining and ridged internally, 2
in. long and about '5 in. broad. Seeds 3 or 4 oblong, black, shining.
Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 357. Pierre FI. Forest. Coch-Chine
t. 192, figs. 1 to 7 ; Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 230; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat.
i. pt. 2, 174. S. coucinea, Jack Mal. Misc. i. 286, not of Roxb.

Penang, Perak, Malacca, Singapore : at low elevations : but not
common.

5. S. HYPOS'tiCTA, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 399. A shrub or small
tree, all parts glabrous except the inflorescence : young branches slender,
dark and smooth becoming (by the falling off of the bark) pale and
striate. Leaves membranous, oblong, to oblong-lanceolate, sometimes
slightly obovate, abruptly acuminate or even caudate-acuminate, entire,
the base slightly narrowed and rounded, or not narrowed and truncate,
emargiuate, rarely acute, 3-nerved ; both surfaces glabrous, shining :
lateral main nerves 3 to 5 pairs, spreading, curved, inarching far from
the mai'gin, prominent beneath : length 3'5 to 5 5 in., breadth 1'5 to
225 in., petiole 1 to 1'5 in., thickened at base and apex. Racemes
axillary, solitary, drooping, longer than the leaves, minutoly whitish
pubescent, with superficial brown stellate hairs: bracteoles linear,
longer than the pedicels. Galy.v with narrowly campanulate tube '25
in. long, densely rufous-pubesceut externally and glabrous inside: lobes
5, not quite so long as the tube, linear, spreading, connivent, cohering
from some time by their tips, the edges recurved, glandnlar-pilose inside,
sub-pubescent outside. Male flower ; staminal column short, glabrous,
with 8 sessile oblong 2-celled anthers at its apex. Female flower : gy-
nophore short ; ovaries 4, ovoid, conjoined, shortly tomentose, with ring
of 8 sessile anthers at their base. Style simple, curved, sparsely
villous ; stigma large, glabrous, with 4 fleshy obloug-obovoid curved
lobes. Follicles 2 or 3, coriaceous, bright red when ripe, narrowly
oblong, tapering to each end, 2 to 2'25 in. long and '65 in. broad ;
externally minutely rusty-pubescent ; internally glabrous, wrinkled.
Seeds 4, oblong, pointed, black. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beug. Yol.
xlv. pt. 2, p. 120.

Pei'ak ; King’s Collector, Wray. Nicobars, Kurz.

6. S. pabvifolia, Wall. Cat. 1123. A tree 20 to 30 feet high :
young branches slender, striate, the older pale, the younger dark-coloured,
glabrous. Leaves membranous, drying of a pale green, obloug-lanceolate,
rarely ovate-oblong, bluntly acuminate, entire ; the base acute or round-
ed, faintly 3-norved ; both surfaces glabrous : main nerves 6 to 8 pairs,

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 65

spreading, rather prominent on both surfaces as is the midrib : length
4 to 6'5 in., breadth 1 to 175 in.; petiole 1 to 1'75 in,, smooth, slender,
thickened at the apex. Racemes solitary, axillary, much shorter than
the leaves, few-flowered, glabrous ; flower-pedicels shorter than the
flowers, capillary. Flower-buds oblong. Calyx less than '5 in. long,
glabrescent externally, puberulous internally especially on the lobes ;
tube wide, cylindric, with 5 linear-lanceolate lobes about as long as itself,
spreading, incurving and joined for some time by their tips. Male
flower: staminal column shorter than the tube and bearing at its apex
about 12 small oblong anthers with thick connective and diverging cells.
Ilerm. flower : gynophore very short, glabrous ; ovaries 5, broadly ovate,
rusty-pubescent. ; styles united, recurved, with many white spreading
hairs : stigmas clavate, flattened, recurved, spreading. Follicles 3 to 5,
broadly oblong, with a straight beak, 1 to 1'25 in long, 6 in. broad.
Seeds 2, broadly ovoid, black, shining. Mast, in Hook. til. FI. Br. Ind.
i. 356; R. Brown in Benn. PI. Javan. Rar. 229; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Vol.
i. pt. 2, p. 173.

Penang, Perak, Malacca.

Closely allied to S. laevis, Wall. : but with smaller flowers and
follicles, and with calyx lobes coherent at their tips.

7. S. Kunstlhri, King, n. sp. A tree 30 to 60 feet high ; all
parts (except the inflorescence and the tips of the young branches)
glabrous ; branches with pale smooth striate bark. Leaves thinly coriace-
ous, broadly ovate (or slightly obovate) to oblong or narrowly elliptic, the
apex rounded, bluut, sub-acute or very shortly and sub-abruptly acumin-
ate ; slightly narrowed to the rounded or sub-truncate, rarely acute, 3 to
5-nerved, base ; both surfaces shining ; lateral nerves about 7 to 9 pairs,
spreading, slightly prominent beneath: length 4 to 9 in., breadth 2 to
4-5 in. ; petiole '75 to 2'75 in., slender, glabrous. Panicles solitary,
narrow, in the axils of (and shorter than) the mature leaves, or supra-
axillary, slender ; the lateral branches short, 1-to 3-flowered, floceulent-
tomentose, rusty ; bracteoles lanceolate to ovate, caducous. Calyx '3 to
'35 in. long, the tube urceolate, densely stellate-tomentose outside, sub-
glabrescent. inside ; lobes 5, shorter than the tube, linear-lanceolate,
villous on the inner surface, tomentose on the outer, spreading, conni-
vent and slightly coherent by their tips. Male flower : staminal
column slender, shorter than the calyx-tube, curved, bearing at its
apex 5 to 7 sessile broad anthers. Hermaph. flower : gynophore short ;
ovaries 3, ovoid, villous, with a ring of adpressed sessile oblong anthers
at their base : styles distinct, short, thin, sparsely villous ; stigmas
thick, fleshy, clavate, bent (outwards) on themselves. Follicles 2 or 3,
9

66 G King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

woody, from peach-coloured to carmine when l’ipe, oblong, rounded at
at the base, the apex acute and slightly curved ; externally rugose (the
rugae mostly longitudinal), minutely tomentose, inside smooth ; length

3 to 3 5 in., breadth 1'25 to 15 in. Seeds narrowly ovoid, nearly 1 in.
long, black.

Perak ; King’s Collector Nos. 3259, 7211, 7245, Scorteehini No. 1805 ;
at 100 to 300 feet elevation. Distrib. Sumatra ; Forbes, No. 2679.

In externals this species closely resembles jS. parviflora, ttoxb.
But, after numerous dissections, I conclude that the two species are
quite distinct. The ovaries of this are never more than 3, and they are
always densely villous ; those of parviflora • are invariably 5, and they
are scaly, not villous. The stigmas of this are long and are bent out-
wards on themselves ; these of parviflora are short and recurved out-
wards from their junction with the styles : they are not bent on them-
selves. The follicles of this are thicker and more woody and the seeds
are larger than those of S. parviflora. Moreover this has never more
than 7 stamens, whilo S. parviflora has 10. The leaves of this are rather
thicker in texture and the young branches are thinner and paler than
those of S. parviflora.

8. S. parviflora, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50. A tree 20 to 50 feet
high ; young branches rather thick ; the tips ferruginous-tomentose ; the
bark pale, rough, glabrous. Leaves membranous, oval, ovate or obovate-
oblong, the apex rather abruptly shortly and bluntly acuminate, entire ;
the base rounded and slightly cordate, or sub-truncate and emarginate,
5-nerved ; both surfaces glabrous, but not shining ; the midrib and 7 or
8 pairs of spreading rather prominent lateral nerves sparsely stellate-
pubescent on the lower when young ; length 4 to 10 in,, breadth 2 to
5'5 in.; petiole 1 to 4 in., deciduously rufous-tomentose. Panicles about
as long as the leaves, slender, the lateral branches short and the flower-
pedicels capillary, everywhere covered with rusty stellate tomenturn,
ebracteolate. Calyx 2 in. long with an ureeolate tube, the mouth with
5 linear-lanceolate lobes almost as long as the tube, incurved and united
by their apices, stellate-toraentose externally, glabrous within. Male
flower : staminal column shorter than the calyx-tube, bearing at its apex
10 sessile short narrowly ovate anthers with thick connective. Herm.
flower : ovaries 5, ovoid, scaly, with a ring of anthers at their base : ovules

4 or 5. Styles slightly united, slender, sparsely villous, short ; stigmas
united into a fleshy boldly 5-lobed disc, but easily separable into 5
fleshy flattish recurved stigmas. Follicles 1 to 5, thickly coriaceous,
brilliant red to orange, pubescent to glabrescent, oblong, shortly beaked,
2'5 to 3'5 in. long and 1'25 to 1’5 in. broad ; inside glabrous, shining,

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 67

boldly ridged. Seeds broadly ovoid, black, '6 in. long, smooth. Roxb.
FI. Ind. iii. 147; Brown in Bennett PI. Jav. Ran. 232 : Wall, Cat. 1121.
Kurz For. FI. Burm. i. 138. Pierre FI. Forest. Coch-Chine, t. 195 F.
S. Maingayi, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 359; Pierre FI. Forest.
Coch-Chine, t. 188 A.

Penang, Malacca, Perak ; at low elevations, common. Distrib.
Burmah and Sylhet in British India ; Cochin China.

After careful dissection of the flowers of the types of the two species
S. parvijlora, Roxb. and S. Maingayi, Masters, and of flowers of many
other specimens, I can come to no other conclusion than that they are one
and the same. There is a curious tendency to inequality in size in the
leaves, some being twice as large as others rising from the same twig
within the distance of an inch. And the panicles usually follow the
leaves in the matter of length.

9. S. Scoetechinii, King, n. sp. A tall tree; young branches
rather thick, their bai’k pale, rough, the youngest parts deciduously rusty-
pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong, slightly obovate, the apex
rounded, with an abrupt short blunt point, entire ; the base slightly
narrowed, rounded or minutely cordate, 3-nervod ; upper surface glabrous,
shining ; the lower slightly paler, dull, thickly dotted with minute
reddish flat shining glands, the midrib and 4 to 5 pairs of prominent
ascending lateral nerves stellate-pubescent : length 2'5 to 3 5 in.,
breadth 125 to 1'65 in. ; petiole '65 to 1 in., deciduously pulverulent-
tomentose. Panicles racemes-like, axillary, solitary, shorter than the
leaves, densely pulverulent-tomentose, rusty; pedicels as long as the
buds : bracteoles ovate, '25 in. long, imbricate, caducous. Calyx cam-
panulate, divided almost to its base into 5 broadly ovate spreading not
connivent lobes, pubescent-toraentose both internally and externally
Male flower : statninal column shorter than the calyx, crowned by about
10 short anthers with thick sub-cuneate connective and short divergent
cells. Herm. flower: Ovary 3-celled, obliquely ovoid, pubescent-scaly;
ovules 3 or 4 in. each cell. Styles connate, pubescent. Stigmas 3,
large, ovoid, spreading, glabrous, dark-coloured. Follicles not seen.

Perak; Scortechinii, No. 2068.

Collected only once, and without fruit.

10. S. bicolor, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 359. A tree
40 to 60 feet high : young branches rather thin, cinereous, striate,
glabrous, rufous-pubescent at the very tips. Leaves small, membranous,
obovate-oblong, acute or shortly mucronate, entire, slightly narrowed
to the minutely 2 to 3-nerved rounded base ; upper surface glabrous

68 G% King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

■when adult, with a few small scattered white stellate hairs when young ;
under surface pale from a layer of minute whitish hairs, the midrib
and 1 6 to 18 pairs of sub-horizontal lateral nerves rufous-tomentose ;
length 2’5 to 3 in., breadth 1'2 to 1’4 ; petiole about 1 in., slender, scaly-
tomentose. Panicles about as long as the leaves, slender, in the axils
of young leaves, pulvemlent-tomentose, sub-ferruginous ; branches
short, spreading. Calyx pedicellate, ovoid-oblong, pointed in bud, when
adult - 3 in. long, widely campanulate, with 5 linear incurved pubescent
lobes as long as the tube. Staminal column shorter than the tube,
glabrous ; anthers about 12, sessile at the apex of the column, their
connective thick, cuneate, the cells divergent. Follicles unknown.

Malacca; Maingay, No. 230 (Kew Distrib.) Perak. Wray, No.
2378.

Recognisable at once by its small leaves, white beneath. The
figure named 8. bicolor, Mast, by Pierre (FI. Forest. Coch-Chine t. 187)
agrees neither with M. Pierre’s own description of it ; nor with Masters’
type-specimen. There may probably have been some printer’s blunder
in the matter.

11. S. angustifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50. A small tree: young
branches densely velvetty rusty-tomentose ; ultimately rather pale,
glabrous, warted and striate. Leaves membranous, oblong-lanceolate
rarely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, entire, slightly narrowed
to the rounded 3-nerved base : upper surface glabrous, the lower more
or less densely and softly rusty-tomentose : length 4 to 7 in., breadth
1'25 to 2'25 ; petiole '6 to l'l in., rusty-tomentose. Panicles solitary,
axillary, crowded at the apices of the branches, lax, drooping, longer
than the leaves, everywhere densely rusty-tomentose ; pedicels much
longer than the ovate pointed buds. Calyx 2 in. in diam., hispidul-
ous-pubescent everywhere except the tube which inside is glabrous, deeply
divided into 5 linear-lanceolate lobes ; the lobes longer than the tube,
spreading, connivent, cohering by their tips, their edges recurved. Male
flower : staminal column as long as the tube, glabrous, recurved, bearing
at its apex 10 oblong sessile anthers with large connective, the cells
slightly divergent. Herm. flower : gynophore short, glabrous : ovaries 5,
ovoid, rusty-tomentose with a ring of 10 sessile anthers at their base :
style short, sparsely pilose : stigmas much longer than style, fleshy,
spreading, recurved. Follicles 4 or 5, ovate-oblong with a short curved
beak, 2 75 in. long and 1 '35 in. broad, densely but minutely velvetty
rusty tomentose outside, smooth shining and rugose inside and with a
few small scattered whitish hairs. Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 148. Pierre FI.
For. Coch-Chiue, t. 190; Wall. Cat. 1133; R, Brown in Berm. PI. Jav.

1891.] G. King — Ma terials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 69

Rar. 231. Kurz For. FI. Burm. i. 138, in part. S. mollis, Wall. Cat.
1131; R. Brown in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 231. 8. Balanghas, L. var.
mollis, Mast, in Hook. fit. FI. Br. Ind. i. 358.

Burraah ; Griffith No. 578 (Kew Dist.) ; Heifer Nos. 579, 580 ;
Falconer. Perak, King’s Collector, No. 8360.

Roxburgh left in the Calcutta Herbarim an excellent coloured
drawing of his S. angustifolia. In his Flora Indica he gives a very brief
account of the species, drawn up from specimens flowering in the Botanic
Garden and which he states came from Nepal. His description is too brief
to be of any use : but his figure is so good that I have no hesitation in
saying that no species of Sterculia collected since Roxburgh’s time in
any part of the outer Himalaya, or from the plain at its base, is in the
least like this plant. I have little doubt that Roxburgh, was deceived
as to its origin by some changing of labels of the native gardeners at
Calcutta (a sublimely inaccurate race !) ; and that the plant was really
received, like so many others during the early years of the garden, from
the Straits. Wallich, no doubt deceived by the alleged Himalayan
origin of the plant, distributed (as No. 1133 of his list) specimens from
the trees of it which were still in his time cultivated in the Calcutta
Garden under Roxburgh’s name, while specimens collected in Burmahhe
issued as No. 1131, under the name S. mollis, Wall. Pierre’s figure
above quoted does not agree very well with Roxburgh’s, the panicles
being by far too short and not nearly hairy enough.

12. S. kubigtnosa, Vent. Hort. Malmaison, ii. 91. A tree 20 to
50 feet high : young branches rather thick, their apices deciduously ruf-
ous-tomentose ; the bark pale or brown, striate, glabrous. Leaves mem-
branous, obovate-oblong, sometimes ovate-oblong, shortly and abruptly
acuminate, entire ; narrowed to the acute, rounded or minutely cordate,
3-nerved base : upper surface glabrous, or sparsely stellate-pubescent ; the
lower stellate-pubescent, most of the hairs pale and minute but these
on the midrib and 7 to 10 pairs of spreading stout nerves larger and
darker coloured: length 4'5 to 7 5 or rarely 12 in., breadth 2 to 3 in.,
rarely 4 in. ; petiole varying with age from ’3 to 1'5 in., rufous tomen-
tose as are the linear caducous ’5 in. long stipules. Panicles solitary
in the axils of the crowded young leaves, f many-flowered, shorter than,
or as long as the leaves, rnfous-tomentose like the outer sui-faces of
the flowers ; flower-pedicels spreading, capillary. Flower buds broadly
ovate. Calyx less than '5 in. long, widely campanulate, divided for half
its length or more into 5 lanceolate spreading incurved lobes cohering
ky their tips, the lobes densely covered inside with white hispidulous
Fairs. Male flower ; staminal column longer than the tube or about as

70 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

long, glabrous ; anthers about 10, sessile at tbe apex of the column,
2-celled, tbe cells distinct. Female flower; gynophore very short;
ovaries ovoid, villous (as are tbe united styles) ; with 10 sessile anthers
at their base ; stigma discoid, deeply 5-lobed. Follicles 5, coriaceous,
crimson when ripe, oblong, shortly beaked, about 2 in. long and 1 in.
broad ; pubescent externally, glabrous shining and boldly ridged inside.
Seeds oblong, ovoid, black. Mast, in Hook, ill FI. Br. Ind. i. 358 : Kurz
For. FI. Burm. i. 138; Pierre FI. Forest. Coch- Chine, t. 194 B ; Blume
Bijdr. i. 82; Br. in Penn. PI. Jav. Rar. 231 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2,
175. S. angustifolia, Jack Mai. Misc. ex Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 287. S-
Jaokiana, Wall. Cat. 1134.

In all the Provinces except the Andaman and Nicobar Islands :
at low elevations. Common. Distrib. Java and Sumatra, Cochin-China,
Burmah.

Yar. glabrescens, King : leaves 8 to 12 in. long, by 3 to 4'5 in. broad,
softly pubescent beneath when young, much less narrowed to the (always
sub-cordate or cordate) base than in the type ; panicles much branched
and sometimes longer than the leaves. 8. angustifolia, Kurz (not
Roxb.), in part, For. FI.. Burm. i. 138 ; S. parviflora, Kurz (not of
Roxb.) Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliii. pt. 2, p. 116. 8. mollis, Kurz (? of

Wall.) 1. c. xlv. pt. 2, p. 120. 8. Balanghas, Linn, var, glabrescens, Mast,

in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 358, in part.

Andaman Islands ; Heifer (Kew Distrib. No. 595); Kurz, Prain,
Bot. Gard. Collectors. Nicobars, Kurz. Great Cocos, Prain. There are
no Mergui or Eastern Peninsula specimens of this at Calcutta, and I be-
lieve the variety to be confined to the Islands above named.

In this species the petioles lengthen with the age of the leaf,
many young leaves having petioles less than p 25 in. long, while in old
leaves the length varies from 1 to 15 in. And there is considerable
variability in the size of the blade. Moreover, while in some the upper
surface of the leaves is perfectly glabrous (except the midrib which
is almost invariably rusty-tomentose), in others it is rough and scaberu-
lous from the presence of scattered stellate hairs. The next species
(8. ensifolia, Mast.) has, in my opinion, a very poor claim to specific
rank ; and I think it would be better to treat it a shrubby variety of
this with narrower leaves and longer flowers. 8. parviflora, Roxb. also
differs very little from this, and might be reasonably enough regarded
as a form of it with broader more glabrous cordate leaves with fewer
nerves.

13. S. ensifolia, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 359. A shrub
or small tree : young branches and petioles densely ferruginous-tomen-

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 71

tose. Leaves membranous, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, shortly
caudate-acuminate, entire, the base rounded, sometimes minutely cordate,
rarely acute ; upper surface glabrous, the midrib alone tomentose ; under
surface sparsely rusty-tomentose, the midrib and 8 to 10 pairs of spreading
lateral nerves prominent : length 6 to 12 in., breadth 125 to 3'5 in.,
petiole '3 to 1'5 in. ; stipules erect, linear, half as long as the petiole,
deciduous. Panicles or racemes axillary, solitary, lax, few-flowered,
rusty-toinentose, hardly so long as the leaves; bracteoles linear, shorter
than the pedicels. Calyx - 5 or "6 in. long, broadly campanulate, pubes-
cent on both surfaces, the tube much shorter than the linear-lanceolate
spreading lobes the tips of which curve inwards and cohere. Male
flower ; staminal column longer than the calyx-tube but much shorter than
its lobes, glabrous, curved, bearing at its apex 10 2-celled, oblong,
nearly sessile, anthers. Female flower ; gynophore very short: ovaries
5, ovoid, rusty-villous, surrounded at the base by 10 sub-sessile stamens.
Styles short, united, densely covered with white hairs ; stigmas united
into a boldly 5-lobed disc. Follicles 1 to 5, shortly stalked, narrowly
oblong, tapering to each end, the apex with a hooked beak, coriaceous,
brownish-velvetty, red when ripe, 2 to 2'5 in. long and ‘75 in. broad.
Seeds oval, black, smooth. Pierre FI. Forest. Coch-Chine t. 194 0.
S. angustifolia, Jack (not of Roxb.) Mai. Misc. ex Hook. Bot. Mis. i.
287.

Penang, Perak, at low elevations, common. Distrib. Burmah.

I have no doubt whatever that this is the plant described by Jack
as the S. angustifolia of Roxb.

14. S. pubescens, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 357. A tree,
the younger parts rusty-pubescent. Leaves oblong, obtuse, or abruptly
acuminate, entire, the base cordate ; upper surface glabrous ; lower
densely and minutely pubescent, the nerves stellate-pilose : length 4 to
6 in., breadth 2 to 2'5 in.; petiole 125 in., sulcate: stipules subulate,
'25 in long. Panicle erect, as long as or longer than the leavos, much
branched: ultimate pedicels jointed, pubescent, spreading. Calyx '25
in. long, campanulate ; the lobes triangular acute, as long as the tube,
hairy within. Ovary globose, downy.

Malacca, Maingay.

Except by Maingay’s two specimens in the Kew Herbarium, this
species is unknown. Specimens of it in good flower and in fruit are
much wanted, so that a completer description than the foregoiug may
be prepared.

15. S. oolorata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50. A tree 30 to 60 feet

72 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

high ; young branches thick, rough, rather pale, glabrous. Leaves
thinly coriaceous, roundish or reniform, usually palmately 3 to 5-lobed,
the lobes triangular, acuminate ; base deeply cordate, 5 to 7-nerved ;
both surfaces pulverulent-pubescent when young, glabrous when adult ;
length 4 5 to 9 in., breadth 5 to 12 in. ; petiole 3'5 to 8 in., pubernlous;
stipules lanceolate, caducous. Flowers in axillary panicles or racemes
from the axils of last year’s fallen leaves, 2 5 to 4 in. long, densely
covered, as is the exterior of the flowers, with coral-red, scaly tomentum.
Calyx - 75 in. long, funnel-shaped, curved, the mouth with 5 acute short
triangular teeth, pubernlous internally, villous at the base. Staminal
column as long as, or longer than the calyx, slightly flattened, minutely
furfuraceous-pubesceut : anthers 20 to 25, sessile at the apex of the
column, oblong, closely surrounding the 5 flask-shaped ovaries ; styles 5,
short, recurved : stigmas acute. Follicles 2 to 3 in. long, membranous,
glabrous, veined, stipitate, open from an early age and bearing on their
edges usually 2 smooth oval seeds. Roxb. Cor. PI. i. 26, t. 25 ; FI. Ind.
iii. 146 ; Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 359 ; Pierre FI. Forest.
Coch-Chine, t. 199; Kurz For. FI. Burin, i. 138; Brand. For. Flora
N. w. Ind. 34; Wall. Cat. 11)9; Hook. Ic. PI. 143; Dalz. & Gibs.
Bomb. FI. 23 ; W. & A Prodr. i. 63. Firm.iana colorata. Br. in Benn.
PI. Jav. Rar. 235; Th waites Enum. 29. Frythropsis Boxburghiana,
Scott. & Endl. Melet. Bot. 33.

Andamans ; Kurz, Plain. Distrib. India, Ceylon.

16. S. fulgens, Wall. Cat. 1135. A tree 30 to 70 feet high ;
young branches rather thick, with smooth dark bark, at first pubescent,
ultimately quite glabrous. Leaves large and with long petioles, thinly
coriaceous, rotund with 5 shallow acuminate lobes, the base cordate :
upper surface glabrous, harsh to the touch : lower densely and minutely
stellate-pubescent, palmately 7-nerved, the nerves prominent beneath :
length and breadth 15 to 18 in. ; petiole 15 to 20 in., silicate, minutely
pubernlous. Racemes or panicles 3 to 4 in. long, from the axils of last
year’s leaves, densely covered with orange or golden-yellowish scurfy
tomentum as are the outer surfaces of the flowers. Calyx P25 in. long,
funnel-shaped, slightly curved, the mouth with 5 short triangular teeth;
internally minutely velvetty-puberulous with a ring of long matted
hair near the base. Staminal tube 5 in., longer than the calyx, 5-augled,
sulcate, minutely tomentose ; anthers 20, sessile, oblong, 1-celled, em-
bracing the 5 flask-shaped ovaries; styles short, reflexed : stigmas acute.
Follicles unknown. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 360; Kurz For.
FI. Burm. i. 139: Journ. As. Soc. Beng. pt. 2, 1874, p. 117; Wall. Cat,
1135; Firmiana colorata var. ft, Br. in Bonn. PI. Jav. Rar. 235; Miq.
FI. Ind. Bat., i. pt. 2, 178.

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 73

Perak : King’s Collector, No. 8673, Scortechini. Distrib. W. Sumatra,
Poi'bes, No. 2105 : Java, Burmah ; Wallich.

There is no doubt this comes very close to 8. colorata, Roxb. of
which it might possibly be better to treat it as a variety characterised
by larger flowers, with much more exsorted staminal column, larger
leaves, thinner and dark-coloured branchlets. Wallich, however, who
saw the tree growing, regarded it as a species; and Robert Brown (PL
Jav. Rar. p. 235), while treating it as a variety of colorata, remarks
that it is probably worthy of specific rank. This plant (whether species
or variety) is never found in British India proper. Its most northerly
limit is Tenasserim, and from thence it extends southward into the
Malayan Archipelago. In the Flora of British India, Dr. Masters gives
the distribution of this as “ Tropical Western Himalayan.” The plant,
however, which occurs in tropical valleys in that region is just as
different from S.fulgens, Wall., as that is from 8. colorata, Roxb. It is
the tree to which Wallich gave the name 8. fallens; and which he
published (without describing) in Voigt’s Hort. Suburb, Calcutta, p.
105. The leaves of 8. pattens resemble those of colorata in shape ; but
their under surface is covered with dense pale yellow stellate tomentum.
The calyx has a much wider mouth than that of colorata, and (like the
axis and pedicels of the panicle) is densely covered with a very pale
yellow tomentum, while the tomentum of colorata is of a vivid coral red.
8. pallens is confined to the Western Himalaya, just as 8. fulgens is
limited to Burmah and Malaya.

17. S. alata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50. A tree 80 to 150 feet high ;
young branches rather stout, striate, glabrous. Leaves membranous,
broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, entire ; the
base deeply cordate, 5 to 7-nerved, some of the basal nerves pinnate on
one side ; both surfaces glabrous ; lateral nerves 4 pairs, prominent on
both surfaces as are the midrib and basal nerves; length 4 to 12 in.,
breadth 3 to 8 in., petiole 1*5 to 7 in. : stipules minute, subulate, cadu-
cous. Racemes from the axils of previous year’s fallen leaves, usually
in pairs, sometimes solitary, rarely terminal, about as long as the
petioles, flocculent, rusty-tomentose, as are the flowers externally; bracts
3 to each flower, ensiform, caducous. Calyx '75 in. long, campanulate,
deeply divided into 5 or 6 thick, fleshy, lanceolate segments. Male
flower; staminal column thin, cylindrio, much shorter than the calyx,
glabrous, bearing at its apex 25 elongate anthers in five groups of 5
each ; ovaries imperfect. Female flower ; staminodes in 5 phalanges,
sessile, embracing the bases of the 5 sub-ovate, multi-ovulate-ovaries ;
stigmas broad, emarginate. Follicles pedunculate, woody, pulverulent.

10

74 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

pubescent, 5 in. in diatn., sub-globular, slightly compressed. Seeds
oblong, compressed, the testa spongy, 1 in. long, with a large obovate thick
spongy terminal wing 2'5 in. long and 125 broad. Roxb. Corom. PI.
iii. 84, t. 287 ; FI. Ind. iii. 152 ; Kurz FI. Br. Burm, i. 134; Pierre FI.
Forest. Cock-Chine, t. 190; Wall. Cat. 1125. Pterygota Roxburghii,
Schott & Endl. Melet. P. alata , Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 234.
S. coecinea, Wall. Cat. 1122, partly. 8. Heynii, Beddome Flor. Sylvat.
t. 230.

Perak, Scortechini : Andamans, Kurz. Distrib. Brit. India, Cochin-
China.

18. S. linearicarpa, Mast, in Hook. fil. Br. Ind. i. 360. A tree
60 to 80 feet high : young branches thick, striate, deciduously pulveru-
lent-tomentoso, leaf-cicatrices large. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-orbicular,
blunt or very slightly narrowed at the apex, edges entire, base deeply
cordate, 7-nerved ; upper surface glabrous, shining; lower deciduously
pulverulent, hairy, almost glabrous when old, minutely reticulate, the
midrib and 4 or 5 pairs of lateral nerves prominent : length and breadth
6 to 12 in. ; petiole 2 - 5 to 6 in., sulcate, pulveruleut-tomentose. Panicles
axillary, solitary, stout, eroct, as long as or longer than the leaves, rusty
pulverulent-tomentose as are the outer surfaces of the calyces, the
lateral branclilets short ; bracteoles numerous, rotund, concave, cadu-
cous ; flower- buds globose, sessile. Calyx rotate, the tube 1 in. long,
with 5 slightly longer ovate acute lobes, tomentose externally, glabrous
within. Staminal column not so long as the calyx- tube, glabrous ; anthers
10, each with a short filament, cuneate, 2-celled ; ovaries (rudimentary
in some flowers) about 3, free, each 1 or 2-ovulate ; style short ; stigma
entire, small. Follicles (? ripe) linear-lanceolate, 3 to 4 in. long and
•6 in. broad, stipitate, longitudinally ridged and covered outside and
inside with yellowish tomentum as is also the single oblong seed.

Malacca, Mairigay. Perak ; Scortechini, King’s Collector.

The flowers and follicles of this are, in my opinion, those of
Scapliium rather than of Firmania, to which section Dr. Masters has
referred it.

19. S. scaphigera, Wall. Cat. 1130. A tree 90 to 120 feet high :
young branches rather thick ; the bark pale, minutely warted and striate,
glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, ovate to oblong-ovate, sub-acute
or bluntish-acumiuate, entire; the base rounded or sub-truncate, often
faintly cordate or emarginate, 3 to 5-nerved ; main nerves 2 to 4 pairs,
sub-erect, prominent on both surfaces ; length 5 to 10 in., breadth 2'75
to 4 5 in. ; petiole 2 to 5 in., thickened at both ends. Panicles only at

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 75

the ends of the branchlets, puberulous, shorter than the petioles, robust,
with many short spreading branches, many-flowered ; pedicels short,
pubescent ; bracteoles subulate, deciduous. Calyx from '3 to '4 in. long,
deeply 5-lobed and almost rotate when expanded, stellate-puberulous
externally, glabrous internally, the lobes lanceolate. Male flower with
15 to 30 anthers almost sessile round the apex of the column and sur-
rounding the rudimentary villous ovary. Female flower ; ovaries 5,
bi-ovulate ; styles united; stigma 5-lobed. Follicles 1 to 5, on rather
stout pubescent stalks, when ripe 6 to 8 in. long and 125 to 2'5
in. broad, membranous, boat-shaped, gibbous about the middle, con-
spicuously veined and more or less puberulous externally especi-
ally on the nerves. Seeds 1 (rarely 2), ovoid, glabrous, shining, -5 to
1 in. long, attached to the very base of the follicle. Mast, in Hook,
til. FI. Ur. Ind. i. 361 ; Kurz For. FI. Burm. i. 140; Pierre FI. Forest.
Coch-Chine, t. 201. Scaphium Wallichii, R. Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar.
226.

Malacca, Griffith. Distrib. Sumatra, Burmab.

M. Pierre is in doubt whether his fine figure (1. c. t. 201), represents
really the true plant of Wallieh. In my opinion it does so most decidedly :
R. Brown was right in describing the ovaries as five, and there is a
specimen in the Calcutta Herbarium with 5 follicles.

20. S. affinis, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 361. A tree :
young branches rather stout, rough, dark in colour, the loaf cicatrices
large, the very youngest minutely rusty-tomentose. Leaves thinly
coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, with rather straight edges ; the apex broad,
suddenly acute; tho base truncate (sometimes obliquoly so), 3-nerved ;
both surfaces glabrous, the upper shining, the lower pale and rather dull :
main nerves 6 or 7 pairs, conspicuous beneath as is the midrib ; length
5 to 9 in., breadth 4 75 to 5 5 in. ; petiole 4'5 in., thickened at each end.
“ Panicle erect, as long as the leaves, its branches downy, flattened or
angular; peduncles thickly striated, angular, sub-pilose, spreading;
ultimate pedicels downy, densely crowded. Flowers very small, the
buds ovoid. Flowers '25 in. Calyx-lobes ovate, longer than the funnel-
shaped tube. Follicle a span long, falcate, leafy, glabrescent, shining
within. Seeds '65 in. long, solitary, oblong, black.” Scaphium affine
Pierre FI. Forest, Coch-Chine, t. 195 E.

Malacca; Maingay, No. 225 (Kew. Distrib.)

The only Maingayan specimen of this in the Calcutta Herbarium
consists of leaves only, with a single detached fruit ; and I have seen no
specimen from any other collector. The foregoing description (as re-
gards inflorescence, flower and fruit) is therefore copied verbatim from
Masters (in F. B. I. 1. c.).

76 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan "Peninsula. [No. 1,

21. S. campanulata, Wall. A tree 60 to 60 feet high : young
branches rather slender, rusty-tomentose, soon becoming glabrous.
Leaves membranous, broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, entire ; the base
usually deeply cordate, 3 to 7-nerved ; sometimes 3 to 5-lobed ; lateral
nerves 3 or 4 pairs ; upper surface glabrous, the midrib and nerves
pubescent or puberulous ; lower surface pubescent ; length 4 to 6 in.,
breadth 3' 75 to 5'5 in. ; petiole 2'25 to 5 in. puberulous : stipules lateral,
subulate, caducous. Panicles 3 or 4 in. long, in clusters of 2 or 3 at the
apices of the branches, few-flowered, glabrous, erect, sub-corymbose ;
pedicels jointed, about '3 in. long, bracteoles caducous. Calyx widely
campanulate, more than - 75 in. across, green, pruinose, glabrous, veined,
its mouth cut half-way down into 5 triangular velvetty-edged lobes :
Staminal column pubescent below. Ovaries gibbous at the apex : styles
short, cohering ; stigmas filiform, recurved : ovules 2, erect. Follicles
3 to 6, on slender puberulous stalks, membranous, veined, 2 to 3 in.
long, boat-shaped, saccate with a sub-terminal lanceolate wing. Seeds
sub-globose, with a shining crustaceous testa, '5 in. long or less. Mast,
in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 362; Kurz For. FI. Br. Burm. i. 139.
Pterocymbium Javanicum, Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 219, t. 45 ; Miq.
FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 179. Pt. campanulatum and Javanicum, Pierre,
FI. Forest. Coch-Chine, t. 195.

Perak ; Fr. Scortechini, King’s Collector. Nicobars, Kurz. Distrib.
Malayan Archipelago, Burmah.

M. Pierre (1. c.) remarks that, in his opinion, the two species cam-
panulatum and Javanicum, although closely related, are distinct species ;
but he does not mention the characters on which he relies for separating
them. After dissecting many flowers of the tree (until recently grow-
ing in the Botanic Garden, Calcutta), on which Wallich founded his
species campanulatum, I cannot see any respect in which they differ
from Robert Brown’s minute and excellent description and figures of Pt.
Javanicum. 1 therefore agree with Dr. Masters in considering the two
as one and the same species.

22. S. ttjbulata, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 362. A tree ;
young branches about as thick as a goose-quill, tomentose at the very
points, the bark dark and rather rough. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ellip-
tic-oblong, with a short abrupt rather blunt apiculus ; edges entire ; the
base broadly rounded or sub-truncate, very slightly cordate; when
adult both surfaces glabrous except the midx-ib and main nerves which
are minutely rusty-tomentose ; main nerves 5 to 7 pairs, spreading,
slightly prominent below : length 4 in., breadth 1 ’ 75 in. ; petiole '75 in.
slender, deciduously rusty-tomentose. Cymes terminal, as long as the

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 77

leaves, many-flowered. Calyx '5 in. long, glabrous, narrowly tubular
below, the mouth slightly expanded and with 5 ovate-lanceolate lobes
shorter than the tube. Staminal column pilose; anthers in a ring.
Ovaries 5 ; styles indexed, cohering by their tips. Follicles 5, from
2 to 3 in. long and 1 in. broad, on tomentose stalks, oblong, acute,
dilated at the base. Seed ovoid.

Malacca, Maingay.

At once distinguished by the singular calyx, tubular in its lower,
lobed and spreading in its upper, half.

2. Tareietu, Blume.

Tall trees. Leaves digitate or simple, glabrous or scaly. Flowers
unisexual, panicled. Calyx tubular, small, 5-toothed. Petals 0.
Staminal-column short, bearing a ring of 10-15 very densely clustered
anthers, cells parallel. Ovary of 3-5 nearly free carpels opposite the
sepals ; styles as many, short, filiform, stigmatose within ; ovules 1
in each cell. Pipe carpels of stellately spreading samaras with long
falcate wings. Seeds oblong ; albumen bipartible ; cotyledons flat ;
radicle next the hilum. — Distrib. Known species 5 or 6, Australian
and Malayan,

Leaves digitately compound.

Under-surface of leaflets persistently
stellate-tomentose

Under-surface deciduously tomentose,
the hairs simple ... ...

Leaves simple.

Fruit glabrous ... ...

,, tomentose. ...

1. T. PeraJcensis.

2. T. Penangiana.

3. T. simplicifolia.

4. T. Kunstleri.

1. T. Peeakensis, King, n. sp. A tree 40 to 60 feet high : young
branches, petioles, petiolules, under surface of leaves ( when young) and
inflorescence with minute deciduous rusty tomentum. Leaves digitately
compound ; leaflets 5 or 6, the lower smaller, obovate-elliptic to obovate-
rotund, shortly and rather abruptly acuminate, the edges entire, slightly
wavy ; the base narrowed ; upper surface minutely areolate, glabrous
except the very minutely tomentose midrib and nerves ; lower glabrous
except the midrib : main nerves 10 to 14 pairs, stout and prominent
beneath : length of the middle leaflet 4 5 to 5'5 in., of the lower 2 to
3 5 in. : breadth of the middle 2 to 3 in., of the lower 125 to L5 in. ;
petiolules "5 to 1 in.; petioles ’3 to 45 in. Inflorescence in solitary,
axillary, cymose racemes or panicles more than half as long as the

78 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

leaves, mucli crowded at the points of the branches, Flowers - 15 in.
long : pedicels slender, three times as long. Calyx-tube tomentose ex-
ternally, sparsely pubescent within ; staminal tube less than half its length.
Female calyx rather longer than the male, otherwise the same :
stamens 0 : ovaries 5, obliquely ovoid, glabrous, each with a pubescent
conic style crowned by a small hooked stigma. Ripe fruit compressed-
ovoid, 1'25 to 1'5 in. long, and 1 to l'lo in. in diam., glabrous, the
wing falcate, 2 in. long and "5 in. broad, striate.

Perak, at low elevations ; King’s Collector, Penang, Curtis, No.
2229.

In its leaves this much resembles T. Javanica, Bl, (Rumphia iii. t.
127, fig. 1) ; but the leaves of Blume’s plant ai’e smaller and have more
wavy edges. The flowers, however, of the two differ much in size, those
of this being twico as large as the flowers of T. Javanica.

2. T. Curtisii, King, n. sp. A tree 20 to 40 feet high ; young
branches, petioles, petiolules and under surfaces of leaves densely covered
with rusty stellate, non-deciduous tomentum. Leaves digitately 5 or
6-foliolate, the lower smaller, obovate, entire, wavy, apex retuse, base
acute; upper surface minutely areolate, glabrous except the stellate-
tomentose midrib and main nerves ; under surface, and especially the
midrib, stellate-tomentose : main nerves 9 or 10 pairs, spreading, pro-
minent beneath : length of the middle leaflet 35 to 4’5 in., of the lower
P5 to 25 iu. ; breadth of the middle 2'25 to 2'5 in., of the lower '8 to
1'5 in., petiolules "5 to - 75 in., petioles 2 to 2'5 in. Inflorescence in
solitary, axillary, cymose racemes or few-flowered panicles, more than
half as long as the leaves. Ripe fruit glabrous, compressed-ovoid, 1 in.
long and '8 in. broad ; wing narrowly falcate, 1'25 in. long and '25 in
broad, striate.

Penang at 2000 feet : Curtis No. 1427.

This is known only by Curtis’s scanty specimens which are in fruit
only. Its flowers are unknown. In leaves it closely approaches T.
Perakensis, but the tomentum is stellate and persistent ; whereas in T.
Perakensis, the hairs are simple and deciduous. The leaflets of this
are also smaller, fewer-nerved, more decidedly obovate, less elliptic than
in T. Perakensis, and they are mucronate rather than; acuminate.

3. T. siMPLiciFOLiA, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 362. A
tree, young branches pale, sub-glabrous, striate. Leaves simple, coria-
ceous, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, apex truncate or emarginate, shortly
mucronate, entire, rather suddenly narrowed at the base or rounded ;
upper surface glabrous, shining ; lower dull, rusty, minutely puberulous,

79

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

and slightly scaly ; main nervos 16 to 20 pairs, prominent below,
spreading ; length 4'5 to 7 in., breadth 3 to 4 - 5 in. ; petiole 2 to 3 in.,
thickened towards the apex. Cymes axillary, solitary, many-flowered,
l - 5 to 2'5 in. long, minutely rusty-tomentose. Flcnvers '1 in. long; the
pedicels shorter, stout. Calyx-tube campanulate, minutely tomentose
externally, pnbernlous within : staminal tube short. Fruit (including
wing) 3 in. long, obliquely spathulate, glabrous.

Malacca ; Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib.) No. 231.

4. T. Kunstleki, King, n. sp. A tree 50 to 70 feet high : young
branches petioles and peduncles minutely stellate-pubescent and lenti-
cellate. Leaves elliptic to obovate-oblong, blunt, mucronate, entire, the
base rounded or slightly narrowed : upper surface smooth, shining ; the
lower pale, sparsely stellate-puberulous on the midrib and nerves, other-
wise (under a lens) minutely puberulous : main nerves 7 to 10 pairs,
ascending, prominent beneath. Fruit at the apex of a solitary stellate-
hairy peduncle, ovoid with an oblique sub-spathulate wing, minutely
but densely velvetty fulvous-tom entose ; length of body 1 in. or more ;
wing about the same length and "6 in. broad.

Perak, near Laroot ; King’s Collector No, 7581.

Flowers of this are at present unknown. The leaves are at once
distinguished from those of T. simplicifolia by their pale under surface,
and the fruits by their tomentum.

3. Heritieba, Aiton.

Trees. Leaves coriaceous, simple, scaly beneath. Flowers small,
unisexual, in axillary panicles. Calyx 5, rarely 4-6 toothed or cleft.
Petals 0. Anthers in a ring at the top of the colnmu, cells 2, parallel.
Ovaries 5-6, almost free : style short, stigmas 5, thick ; ovules solitary
in each cell. Ripe carpels woody, indehiscent, keeled or winged.
Albumen 0 ; cotyledons thick ; radicle next the hilum. — A genus of
6 or 7 species, natives of the Tropics of the old world, and of Australia.

H. LITTORALIS, Dryand. in DC. Prod. i. 484. A tree: young branches
stout, rough. Leaves oblong or elliptic, the apex rounded or acute ;
the edges entire ; base rounded or slightly cordate ; lower surface pale ;
main nerves 7 to 9 pairs, slightly prominent beneath : length 5 to 10 in.,
breadth 2’25 to 4 in., petiole - 5 to '75 in. : stipules lanceolate, caducous.
Flowers ' 2 in. long, in many-flowered axillary cymose panicles shorter
than the leaves. Calyx 5-toothed, puberulous, half as long as the
pedicel. Ripe fruit 1'5 to 3'5 in. long, woody, compressed ovoid, boldly
keeled at apex and on dorsum, glabrous, shining. Mast, in Hook, fil FI

80 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

Br. Ind. i. 363 ; Kurz For. FI. Burm. i. 140 ; Pierre FI. Forest. Coch-
Chine, t. 203 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat, i. pt. 2, p. 179 ; Blume Bijdr. 84 ;
Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 142 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 63 : Thwaites Enam. 28 ; Br.
in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 237 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, p. 179. H.
Fomes, Wall. Cat. 1139, partly. Balanopteris Tothila, Gsertn. Fruct. ii.
94, t. 99.

All the Provinces, on the coasts. Distrib. Malayan Archipelago
and coasts of the tropics of the old world generally, and of Australia.

The plant originally issued by Wallich as Trochetia contracta (Cat.
No. 1162) and afterwards named by him Ueritiera macrophylla, (Pierre
1. c. t. 204) has by some writers been reduced to H. littoralis. But
Wallich’8 species was originally found in the interior of Burmah, and it
has since been found in Cachar, far from the sea coast to which II.
littoralis is strictly confined. II. macrophylla has moreover leaf-petioles
more than twice as long as those of H. littoralis, and its fruit is warted
and not smooth. I believe H. macrophylla to be a perfectly distinct
species; as is also, in my opinion, the other Sylhet and Khasia small-
leaved plant which Wallich issued as H. acuminata. (Cat. No. 7836.)

4. Kleinhovia, Linn.

A tree. Leaves 5 to 7-nerved and often cordate at the base. In-
florescence a terminal, lax, cymose panicle. Bracteoles small. Sepals 5,
much longer than the petals, linear-lanceolate, deciduous. Petals 5, un-
equal, the upper short, ovate-round, saccate, the middle pair concave and
obliquely oblanceolate, the lower pair flat with convolute edges. Stamens
20, in 5 phalanges of 3 each with five solitary, free, often non-antheri-
ferous, filaments between the phalanges ; the filaments of all conjoined
below into a long, externally hairy, narrowly cylindric tube which sur-
rounds the gynophore : anthers 4-celled, divergent. Ovary at the apex
of the long gynophore and surrounded by the staminal tube, 5-lobed,
5-celled. Capsule turbinate-pyriform, membranous, inflated, 5-celled,
loculicidal. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, tubercled : cotyledons convolute,
radicle inferior. Distrib. One species. Tropics of the old world.

K. Hospita, L. Spec. 1365. Leaves ovate-rotund, acuminate, entire,
palmately 3-5-nerved at the base, glabrous : length 3 to 6 in., breadth
2-5 to 5 in., petiole 1'5 to 2'5 in. DC. Prodr. i. 488 ; W. & A. Prodr.
i. 64 ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 141 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 186 ; Blume
Bijdr. 86; Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. 313; Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i.
364. Pierre FI. Forest. Coch-Chine, t. 177.

In all the Provinces, but usually planted. Distrib. Malaya, Austra-
lasia, Br, India.

1891.] Gr. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 81

Apparently a variable plant. Dr. Masters (in Oliver’s Flora of
Trop. Africa, i. 226), describes the African specimens as having no
stamens or staminodes alternating with the 5 phalanges of stamens. A
specimen in the Calcutta Herbarium from Java has the under surface
of the leaves softly hairy.

5. Helictekes, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, more or less stellate-pubescent. Leaves simple.
Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled. Calytc tubular, 5-fid, often irre-
gular. Petals 5, clawed, equal or unequal, the claws often with ear-
shaped appendages. Staminal column surrounding the gynophore, 5-
toothed or lobed at the apex ; anthers at the top of the column, 2-celled.
Five staminodes below the apex of the column. Ovary at the top of the
column, 5-lobed, 5-celled ; styles awl-shaped, more or less united, slight-
ly thickened and stigmatose at the tips ; ovules many in each cell.
Follicles spirally twisted, or straight. Seeds tubercled ; albumen scanty ;
cotyledons leafy, folded round the radicle which is next the hilum. — ■
Distrib. About 30 species, natives of the tropics of both hemispheres.

Fruit spirally twisted ... ... 1 . H. Isora.

Fruit not twisted.

Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate,

oblique ; fruit more than 1 in. long ... 2. H. hirsuta.

Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, not

oblique: fruit less than 1 in. long ... 3. II. angustifolia.

1. H. Isora, Linn. Spec. 1366. A shrub or small tree; young
branches minutely tomentose. Leaves ovate-rotund, oblique ; the apex
rounded, abruptly acuminate ; the edges irregularly serrate-dentate, some-
times lobed ; the base cordate or rounded, rarely acute, palmately 5-
to 7-nerved ; upper surface scabrous, minutely hispid ; lower pubescent
or tomentose ; length 2 to 4 in., breadth 1'25 to 3 in. ; petiole - 3 in. long,
tomentose ; stipules linear, about as long as the petioles. Floivers
axillary, solitary, or in few-flowered minutely bracteolate cymes, 1'5 in.
long. Calyx narrowly campanulate, laterally compressed, 2-lipped, 5-
toothed, tomentose outside. Petals reflexed, the lower two much short-
er and broader than the three upper. Staminal column longer than the
petals, curved, very narrowly cylindric, bearing at its apex 10 to 12
elongate-ovate stamens, and more internally 5 flat bifid staminodes.
Ovary ovoid, sulcate, tomentose : styles slender, glabrous, united.
Fruit cylindric, twisted, crowned by the persistent styles, pubescent ;
15 in. long, ’4 in. in diam. Mast, in Hook. fil. Fl. Ind. i. 365 ; Bl.

11

82 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

Bi jdr. 79 ; Pierre PI. Forest. Coch-Chine, t. 208, figs. 12 to 25 ; DC.
Prodr. i. 475 ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 143 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 60; Wight Ic.
t. 180; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 169; Kurz For. FI. Burm. i. 142 ;
Brand. For. Flor. 34. H. chrysoealyx, Miq. in PI. Hohen. Isora cory-
lifolia, Wight, Hassk. in Tijds. Nat. Gesch. xii. 107.

Perak ; and probably in all the provinces. Distrib. Brit. India.

2. H. htrsxtta, Lour. FI. Coch-Chine, 648. A shrub 6 or 8 feet
high ; the young branches velvetty-tomentose. Leaves ovate, or ovate -
rhomboid, sub-oblique (oblong to oblong-lanceolate in vars.) acuminate,
irregularly erose-serrate ; the base sub-truncate or rounded, rarely sub-
emarginate ; upper surface scabrid-pubescent, the midrib and nerves
tomentose ; lower velvetty-tomentose ; nerves 4 or 5 pairs, prominent
beneath ; length 3'5 to 6 in., breadth 1*75 to 2‘5 in. ; petiole "4 in.>
tomentose. Cymes scorpioid, few-flowered, axillary, solitary, twice as
long as the petiole. Flowers ‘75 in. long. Calyx narrowly cylindric-
campanulate, coarsely stellate-tomentose externally, the mouth with 5
acute unequal teeth. Petals linear, sub-spathulate, two rather broader
than the others with slight horn-like appendages about the middle and
all longer than the calyx and about as long as the stamens. Staminal
column and pistils as in H. Isora. Fruit cylindric, acuminate, not
twisted, the carpels firmly coherent ; externally densely covered by long
villous and stellately pilose soft prickles, 1’2 in. long and ‘35 in. in
diam. Pierre FI. Forest. Coch-Chine, t. 208, figs. 1 to 11 ; Kurz For.
FI. Burm. i. 143. E. hirsuta, Bl, Bijdr. 80. E. spicata, Colebr. in Wall.
Cat. 1182 ; Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 366 ; Oudemansia hirsuta,
Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, p. 171 ; Hassk. Retzia, i. p. 184 ; Orthothecium
hirsutv/m, Hassk. PI. Jav. Bar. 308.

Selangore, King’s Collector. Penang, Curtis ; and probably in the
other provinces at low elevations. Distrib. Malayan Archipelago,
China, Brit. India.

Yar. oblonga, (species Wall. Cat. 1183). Leaves oblong, 5 or 6
in. long and 1'35 to 1'75 in. broad, sparsely stellate-tomentose beneath.

Penang, Andamans.

Var. vestita, (species Wall. Cat. 1844). Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
oblique at the base ; 3‘5 to 5'5 in. long and 1 to 1'5 in. broad.

Burmah : ? Andamans.

There seems to be little doubt that Loureiro and Blume indepen-
dently of each other gave this species the same specific name. Wallich’s
distribution of it under Colebroke’s MSS. name spicata took place many
years subsequently, and that name must (although adopted by Dr.
Masters) 1 thiuk fall to the ground.

1891.] G. King— Materials ] or a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 83

3. H. ANfiUSTlFoUA, L. sp. 1366. A shrub 4 to 6 feet high : young
branches, petioles, under surfaces of leaves and peduncles minutely and
more or less densely pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute
(or obtuse and mucronate in var. obtusa) ; entire ; the base narrowed
3-nerved ; upper surface glabrescent or glabrous ; lateral nerves 5 or 6
pairs, not prominent; length 1'5 to 2 in., breadth '4 to - 8 in., petiole
2 to "3 in. Cymes axillary, solitary, not much longer than the petioles,
few- flowered. Flower's '4 or '5 in. long. Calyx densely stellate-tomen-
tose externally, cylindric, the mouth slightly expanded, with 5 acute
triangular teeth, 2-lipped. Petals longer than the calyx, linear-sub-
spathulate, with 2 or 3 horned appendages below the middle. Staminal
column shorter than the petals, narrowly cylindric and otherwise as in
H. Isora, the stamens smaller. Ovary inserted near the apex of the
staminal tube, sub-globular, ridged, tomentose. Fruit ovoid-cylindric,
apiculate, not twisted, the carpels closely coherent, 75 in. long aud
•4 in. in diatn., densely covert d with stellate, villous soft prickles as in
H. hlrsuta. DC. Prodr. i. 470 ; Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. LSr. Ind. i. 365 ;
Bl. Bijdr. 80; Pierre FI. Forest. Coeh-Chine, t. 210 and 211; Wall.
Cat. 1180. H. lanceolata, DC. Prodr. i. 476; Pierre, 1. c. 210 B.
H. virgata, Wall. Cat. 1181. Oudemansia integerrima, Miq. PI. Jungh.
i. 296 ; FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 170. Oud. Javensis, Hassk. Retzia, i. 131.
Orthotheoium Javense, Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. 307.

Malayan Archipelago, China.

Var. obtusa, (species Wall. Cat. 1184) ; Pierre, 1. c. 211 B, 14 to 25.
Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, pt. ii. 62. Leaves obtuse,
mucronate.

Perak ; Nicobar Islands.

6. Pterospermum, Schreb.

Trees or shrubs, scaly or stellate-tomentose. Leaves usually bifari-
ous, leathery, oblique, simple or lobed, penninerved. Peduncles 1-3,
axillary and terminal. Bracleoles entire, laciniate, persistent or cadu-
cous. Calyx of 5 valvate, coriaceous, more or less connate, sepals.
Petals 5, imbricate, membranous, deciduous with the calyx. Staminal
column short, bearing opposite to the sepals 3 linear 2-celled anthers,
and opposite to the petals 5 ligulate staminodes ; cells parallel ; connec-
tive apiculate. Ovary inserted within the top of the staminal column,
3-5 celled ; style entire, stigma 5-furrowed ; ovules many in each cell.
Capsule woody or coriaceous, terete or angled, loculicidally 5-valved.
Seeds winged above, attached in two rows to the iuner angle of the cells
of the capsule ; albumen thin or 0 ; cotyledons plaited or corrugated.

84 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. I,

radicle inferior. Distrib. A genus of about 18 species, confined to
tropical Asia.

Flowers 6 in. long ... ... ... 1. P. diversifoliwm.

„ 2 in. long.

Sepals shortly pubescent inside,

capsule 3 to 4 in. long. 2. P. Blumeanum.

Sepals with silky hairs inside ;
capsule 1’5 in. long, with scaly
hairs ... ... ... 3. P. JacJdanum.

„ less than 2 in. long; capsule 2 to

2 5 in., glabrous ... ... 4. P. aceroides.

1. P. diveesifolium, Blume, Bijdr. 88. A tree 60 to 100 feet
high : young branches, petioles, under surfaces of leaves and outer
surface of sepals and fruit covered with a layer of minute, tawny tomen-
tum with many, more or less deciduous, rufous, stellate hairs on its sur-
face. Leaves coriaceous, varying from obovate-oblong to elliptic-rotund ;
the apex broad, blunt, or sub-truncate, suddenly contracted into a tri-
angular point ; the edges entire or sinuous, rarely lobed ; the base always
cordate or emarginate, 3 to 7-norved and often oblique : upper surface
shining, glabrous, except the tomentose midrib : main nerves 8 to 10
pairs, straight, sub-erect, prominent on both surfaces ; length 6 to 9 in.,
breadth 3'5 to 6 in., petiole 1 to 1'25 or even 2 in., stipules small linear,
caducous. Flowers 6 to 7 in. long, buds narrowly cylindric, solitary, or
in 3 to 4-flowered sub-sessile axillary cymes ; pedicels '2 in. long, each
with a minute recurved lanceolate bracteole. Sepals coriaceous, slightly
shorter than the petals, linear, blunt, adpressed-sericeous internally.
Petals membranous, linear, glabrescent. Staminal tube and gynophore
2 in. long ; the free part of the filaments slightly longer ; fertile anthers
about 10, linear; staminodes 5, pubescent. Ovary fusiform, tomentose,
5-eelled. Style less than 2 in. long, angled, pubescent ; stigma fusiform.
Capsule woody, oblong, pointed, acutely 5-angled, suddenly constricted
at the base, about 4 to 5 in. long and P5 to 2 in. in diam. Seeds flat-
tened, 1-5 to 2 in. long. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 367 ; Pierre
FI. For. Coch-Chine, t. 179 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, p. 192 ; Hassk.
PI. Jav. Rar. 316; Korth. Ned. Kruik. Arch. i. 312. P. acerifolium,
Zoll. et Mor. Syst. Yerz. p. 27 (excl. syn. Willd.)

Perak, Malacca ; common ; at low elevations. Distrib. Java,
Philippines, Cochin-China.

The leaves on young shoots of this are often peltate and deeply
lobed.

2. P. Blumeanum, Korth. Ned. Kruik. Arch. ii. p. 311. A tree

1891.] Gr. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 85

40 to 50 feet high : young branches slender, almost black when dry ;
when very young covered by deciduous furfuraceous rufous stellate
hairs. Leaves thinly coriaceous, very inequilateral, oblong to ovate or
lanceolate-oblong, entire, acuminate ; the base broad, unequally cordate,
one side auriculate or sub-auriculate ; upper surface very dark when
dry, glabrous, shining ; the lower densely but minutely tawny or rufous-
tomentose with many deciduous cinnamoneous stellate hairs on the
surface ; maiu nerves 5 to 7 pairs, prominent beneath ; length 3 to
5'5 in., breadth 1’35 to 2 in. ; petiole ’15 in. ; stipules subulate-lanceo-
late. Flowers 2 in. long, solitary, or in 2-3-flowered cymes, axillary,
or (by the suppression of the leaves) in terminal racemes : pedicels
'5 in. long, bracteate, cylindric in bud. Sepals coriaceous, narrowly
linear, acute, scurfy, stellate-pubescent externally as are the pedicels
and bracteoles, pubescent internally. Petals membranous, obliquely
oblong-oblanceolate or sub-spathulate, shorter than the sepals, glabres-
cent. Staminal tube and gynophore about - 5 in. long, the free part of
the filaments rather longer; fertile anthers about 10; staminodes 5,
scaly-pubescent above. Ovary ovoid, villous, 5-celled. Style shorter
than the staminal tube, glabrous : stigma narrowly ovoid. Capsule
woody, oblong, 5-angled, sub-acute, gradually and slightly narrowed at
the base, glabrous when ripe ; 3 to 4 in. long and 1'5 in. in diam. Seeds
flat, 1'5 in. long. Miq. FI. Ind, Bat. i. pt. 2, p. 191. Pterospermum
lanceaefoliuni, Bl. (not of Roxb.) Bijdr. 87. P. cinnamoneum, Kurz,
For. FI. Burm i. 147. P. Javanicum, Jungh. Kurz, 1. c. i. 147.

Perak, Penang ; common at low elevations. Distrib. Sumatra,
Java, Borneo, Burmah, Assam.

A very common tree in Perak. Korthal’s Bornean species P. fuscurn
appears to me to be nothing more than a very cinnamoneous-tomentose
form of this. And the Peninsular-Indian P. rubiginosum, Heyne,
(Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 368) cannot be very different. I
should be induced to reduce both to the oldest described species which
is this. Of the absolute identity of Kurz’s P. cinnamoneum with this
I have no doubt whatever.

3. P. Jackianum, Wall. Cat. 1164. A tree: the small branches
slender, rather dark, when young covered by a layer of white
minute tomentum with many rufous stellate hairs on its surface.
Leaves sub-coriaceous oblong or elliptic-oblong, slightly inequilateral,
entire, or sinuate towards the rather abruptly acuminate apex ; the base
sub-acute, or truncate and minutely cordate or emarginate, never
auricled ; upper surface pale brown when dry, glabrous except the
puberulous midrib and nerves ; under surface pale brown or buff, with

86 G King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

a layer of minute tomentum and on the surface (and especially on the
midrib and nerves) many minute deciduous rusty stellate hairs ; nerves
10 to 12 pairs, prominent beneath, spreading ; length 4 to 5'5 in., breadth
1‘5 to 2 in., petiole ‘25 in. ; stipules caducous. Flowers 2 in. long : the
buds cyliudrie, acute, solitary, axillary ; pedicels - 1 in. long, tomentose
like the exterior of the sepals, minute, linear-subulate. Sepals linear-
lanceolate, adpressed-sericeous within. Petals shorter than the sepals,
oblanceolate, scaly, puberulous externally. Staminal tube and gynophore
'25 in. long, the free part of the filaments more than twice as long ;
fertile anthers about 12 ; staminodes 5. Ovary fusiform. Style longer
than the stamens, pubescent below ; stigma cylindric. Capsule (fide
Masters) shortly stalked, ovoid, terete, acute, 1'5 in. long and 1 in. in
diara., covered with flat scaly hairs. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind i.
367; P. oblougutn, Wall. Cat. 1165.

Penang ; Jack, Wallich, Curtis. Malacca ; Stolickza, at low eleva-
tions.

This species does not appear to be a common one. P. Blumeanuin
has probably been mistaken for it.

4. P. acekoides, Wall. Cat. 1171. A tree 35 to 50 feet high :
young branches rather slender, covered (as are the petioles and under
surfaces of the leaves) by a thin felted layer of minute white tomentum,
above which is a superficial deciduous layer of loose stellate rufous hairs.
Leaves coriaceous, more or less elliptic, sometimes obovate-elliptic, the
apex abruptly and shortly acuminate, the edge often straight at the
sides, sometimes waved, never lobed : the base sub-truncate, often
cordate, 5 to 7-nerved ; upper surface (when adult) glabrous : main
lateral nerves 12 to 15 pairs, straight, oblique ; length 5 to 10 in.,
breadth 3 25 to 5’5 in., petiole '4 to ’5 in. Flowers 1'5 to 1'75 in. long ;
solitary, or in 3 to 4-flowered sub-sessile axillary cymes ; pedicels '2 in.
long, each with a deeply lobed tomentose bract ; the buds narrowly
cylindric, ribbed. Sepals very coriaceous, recurved, longer than the
petals, linear, acute, scurfy-tomentose outside, adpressed-pubescent
within. Petals membranous, obovate, glabrous in the inner, scurfy on
the outer, surface. Stamens as long as the petals or shorter, the tube
only '25 in. long: fertile anthers about 15, lineal’. Style shorter than
the stamens, glabrous ; stigma clavate ; ovary densely sericeous, 5-
angled. Capsule woody, oblong, pointed at both ends, angled, glabrous,
2 to 2'5 in. long. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, pt. 62; For.
Flora Bunn. i. 145. P. aeerifolium, Mast, (not of Willd.) in Hook. fll.
FI. Br. Ind. i. 368, in part. Miq. 111. Arch. Ind. 84, in part.

Andaman Islands; Heifer, No. 568 (Kew Distrib.), Kurz , King’s
Collectors. Distrib. Bnrmah ; Wallich.

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 87

The nearest ally of this is no doubt P. acerifolium, Willd,, to which
it has been reduced by Dr. Masters. But (having had living trees of
both under observation in the Botanic Garden, Calcutta, for many years)

1 have no hesitation in saying that the two species are quite distinct.
P . aceroides has entire, not lobed, leaves; much smaller flowers (less than

2 in. long) which expand during December and January : while those
of P. acerifolium measure '6 in. length and open in March or April. The
capsule of P. aceroides is moreover only 2 to 25 in. long and quite
glabrous; while that of P. acerifolium is 4 to 6 in. long, with a rough
densely stellate tomentose exterior.

7. Melochia, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs, more or less downy. Leaves simple. Floivers
small, clustered or loosely panieled. Sepals 5, connate below. Petals 5,
spathulate, marcescent. Stamens 5, opposite to the petals, connate
below into a tube; anthers extrorse, 2-lobed, lobes parallel. Ovary
sessile, 5-celled ; cells opposite the petals, 2-ovuled ; styles 5, free or
connate at the base. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds ascending,
albuminous ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat, radicle next the hilum. —
Distrib. Species about 50, natives of the warmer regions of both
hemispheres.

1. M. corchorifolia, Linn. sp. 944. A pubescent, branching herb
or undershrub. Leaves membranous, variable, broadly ovate, to ovate-
oblong or lanceolate, acute, serrate or obscurely lobed; the base rounded,
truncate or sub-hastate, 5-nerved, often plaited ; petiole from 4 to 1 in. ;
stipules linear, minute. Floivers '2 in. in diam., in crowded terminal or
axillary heads with many villous bracteoles intermixed. Sepals lanceo-
late, acuminate, ascending. Petals obovate. Ovary villous ; styles
glabrous. Capsule pisiform, pubescent, exceeding the calyx. Willd.
Sp. PI. iii. 604; Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 139; Wall. Cat. 1196, in 'part;
Mast, in Hook. PI. Br. Ind. i. 374. M. truncata, Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 601.
M. supina, L. Sp. PI. 944. M. affinis, Wall. Cat. 1198. M. pauci. flora,
VVall. Cat. 1199. Riedleia corchorifolia, DC. Prodr. i. 491; W. & A.
Prodr. i. 66; Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 188. II. truncata, W. & A. 1. c.
66. R. supina, DC. Prodr. i. 491. II. concatenata, DC. Prodr. i. 492.
Visenia corchorifolia, Spreng. Syst. iii. 30. V. concatenana, Spreng.
Syst. iii. 30. V. supina, Spreng. Syst. iii. 31. Melochia concatenata
Wall. Cat. 1197. Sida cuneifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50,

In all the provinces, a common weed. Distrib. The Tropics
generally.

88 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

2. M. velutina, Bedd. FI. Sylvat. t. 5. A large shrub or small
tree, all parts pubescent and with many of the hairs stellate. Leaves
membranous, long-petioled, broadly ovate, acuminate, coarsely and irre-
gularly serrate ; the base 5 to 7-nerved, rounded or cordate ; 4 to 9 in.
long, by 3‘5 to 8 in. broad : petioles 2‘5 to 4'5 in. ; stipules rounded,
•25 in. long. Cymes on peduncles longer than the petioles, much
branched, spreading, many-flowered, terminal and axillary. Flowers
•25 in. in diam., pink. Calyx campanulate, with 5 deep broad abruptly
acuminate teeth. Petals narrowly oblong, longer than the calyx, mem-
branous. Stamens inserted on a hypogynous disk as are the petals ;
filaments flat. Ovary villous, as are the lower parts of the styles.
Capsules ’3 to ’5 in. long, ovoid-cylindric, apiculate, deeply 5-grooved,
bristly-tomentose. Seed solitary in each cell, its wing ascending.
Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 374 ; Kurz For. FI. Burm. i. 148.
Visenia indica, Houtt. Linn. Syst. vi. p. 287, t. 46; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i.
pt. 2, p. 189. V. umbellata, (Houtt.) Bl. Bijdr. 88 ; Wight Ic. 509.
V. Javanica, Jungh. in Tijdsc. Nat. Gesch. viii. 302. Qlossospernium
velutinum, Wall. Oat. 1153. Q. '/ cordatum, Wall. Cat. 1155.

In all the Provinces at low elevations — a tree-weed appearing in
abandoned fields. Distrib. Malayan Archipelago, British India,
Mauritius.

8. Waltheria, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves simple. Stipules linear. Flowers
small, in dense axillary or terminal clusters. Sepals 5, connate below
into a bell-shaped tube. Petals 5, oblong-spatliulate. Stamens 5,
tubular below ; anthers 2-lobed, lobes pai’allel. Staminodes 0. Ovary
sessile, 1 -celled; 2-ovulate. Styles 2, distinct, clavate. Capsule 2-valved,
1-seeded. Seeds ascending, albuminous; embryo straight, cotyledons
flat. Distrib. About 15 species, one or two of which are weeds in the
Tropics generally ; the others are Tropical S. American.

W. indica, Linn. sp. 941. A pubescent undershrub. Leaves ovate-
oblong, obtuse, serrate or crenate, the base rounded or cordate ; nerves
5 to 7 pairs, prominent beneath. Flowers '25 in. in diam., sessile ; bracts
linear. Calyx campanulate, villous, 10-nerved, the mouth with 5 acumi-
nate teeth. Petals oblanceolate, clawed, longer than the calyx. Capsule
membranous, pubescent. DC. Prod. i. 493 ; W. & A. Prod. i. 67 ; Mast,
in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 374; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, p. 187;
Wall. Cat. 1194. W Americana, L. DC. Prod. i. 492. W. elliptica,
Cav. Diss. vi. 171 ; Wall. Cat. 1195.

In all the Provinces : a weed. Distrib. The Tropics generally.

89

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

9. Abroma, Jacq.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves cordate, ovate-oblong, serrulate, sometimes
angled. Peduncles opposite the leaves, few-flowered. Sepals 5, connate
near the base. Petals 5, purplish, concave below, prolonged above into
a large spoon-shaped lamina. Staminal-cup of 5 fertile and as many
sterile divisions ; fertile filaments opposite the petals, 3-antheriferous ;
anthers 2-lobed, lobes divergent. Staminodes longer than the fertile
filaments, obtuse. Ovary sessile, pyramidal, 5-lobed ; cells many-ovuled,
styles 5. Capsule membranous, 5-angled, 5-winged, truncate at the
apex, septicidally 5-valved, valves villous at the edges. Seeds numer-
ous, albuminous ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat, cordate, radicle next
the hilum.— Distrib. 2 or 3 species, natives of Tropical Asia.

1. A. augdsta, Linn. fil. Suppl. 341. A pubescent large shrub or
small tree : young branches pale. Leaves 5 to 7-nerved at the base,
3’5 to 6 in. long and 3 to 5 in. broad; petiole T75 to 2'5 in., the upper
much smaller and narrower. Stipules linear, deciduous. Flowers 2 in.
in diam., peduncles T5 in., extra-axillary. Sepals 1 in. long, lanceolate,
free to nearly the base. Petals longer than the sepals, imbricate,
deciduous. Capsule 1*5 to 2 in. in diam., glabrous or nearly so when ripe.
DC. Prod. i. 485; Mast, in Hook. FI. Br. Ind. i. 375; Bl. Bijdr. 85;
Roxb. Hort. Beug. 50; FI. Ind. iii. 156; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 183;
Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. t. 5 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 65 ; Wall.
Cat. 1142. A. angulata, Lam. 111. 636. A. Wheeleri, Retz. Obs. v. 27 ;
Willd. Sp. PL iii. 1425. A. fastuosum, Gantn. Fruct. i. 307, t. 64.

In all the Provinces at low elevations : usually near cultivation.
Distrib. Malayan Archipelago, Philippines, China, Brit. India.

The bark yields a stout fibre.

10. Buettneria, Linn.

f

Erect climbing or tomentose shrubs, herbs, or trees ; sometimes
prickly. Leaves various. Flowers minute, in axillary or terminal much-
branched, umbellate cymes. Sepals 5, slightly connate near the base.
Petals 5, unguiculate, concave, indexed, with 2 small lateral lobes, and
a long sub-terminal simple linear or narrowly lanceolate appendage.
Staminal tube with 5 broad truncate or emarginate teeth and, between
them, five 2-celled extrorse anthers (mouth entire in B. Curtisii). Ovary
sessile, 5-celled, the cells 2-ovulate. Style entire, 5-fid Capsule glo-
bose, echinate, septicidaly 5-valved, the cells 1-seeded. Seed ascending,
exalbuminous : cotyledons folded round the radicle. Distrib. About
48 species, mostly tropical American : a few tropical Asiatic and one
African.

12

90 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. I,

Leaves longer than broad, their bases not
cordate or only minutely so.

Staminal tube with entire mouth
Staminal tube with its mouth 5-lobed.
Leaves quite glabrous.

Capsule less than 1 in. in diam.,
covered with glandular bar-
bed spines

Capsule more than 1 in. in
diam., covered with short
subulate spines ...

Leaves more or less minutely hispid
on both surfaces

„ hispid on the upper, hispid-

tomentose on the lower,
surface

Leaves about as broad as long, deeply cordate
at the base.

Leaves glabrous, or glabrescent, not
lobed

„ sparsely pubescent, often

lobed

1. B. Gurtisii.

2. B. uncinala.

3. B. Maingayi.

4. B. elliptica.

5. B. Jackiana.

6. B. aspera.

7. B. Andamanensis.

1. B. Curtisii, Oliver in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1761. A slender woody
creeper, 10 to 15 feet long: young branches minutely puberulous.
Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong, rarely ovate-oblong,
acuminate, entire, narrowed to the sub-obtuse, minutely cordate, 5-
nerved base : lateral nerves numerous, unequal and spreading at various
angles, reticulations distinct : both surfaces glabrous, the lower with
tufts of stellate hairs in the axils of the leaves ; length 2o to 7 in.,
breadth '5 to 2 in. ; petiole - 25 in., pubescent. Cymes in axillary fascicles
of 2 to 4, slender, 3 to 7-flowered, puberulous ; peduncles about 1 in.
long : flower pedicels '25 in. Flowers '45 in. in diam., buds conical. Calyx
deeply 5-partite, the segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Petals strap-
shaped with 2 rather broad indexed lateral lobes, and a long cylindric
curved sub-terminal appendage, about as long as the sepals. Capsule
globular, about 1 in. in diam., veined, pubescent, and armed with
numerous straight smooth bristles.

Penang, Curtis, Nos. 817 and 1166 ; Perak, common at low eleva-
tions.

This is closely allied to the Bornean B. lancifolia, Hook. fil. The
leaves vary a good deal in shape, the most prevalent form in the Perak

91

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

specimens being linear-lanceolate. The Penang specimens are, on the
other hand, as figured by Professor Oliver, oval-oblong.

2. B. uncinata, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 377. A woody
climber : young branches at first scurfy and hispid, but very soon gla-
brous. Leaves sub-coriaceous, elliptic-oblong; gradually tapering in the
upper third to the acuminate apex, entire, the base slightly cuneate,
3-nerved ; both surfaces glabrous and shining, nerves 9 or 10 pairs,
spreading, thin but prominent beneath : length 9 to 11 in., breadth 3
in., petiole nearly 3 in., thickened at the apex, glabrous. Sepals lan-
ceolate, spreading, hispid. Fruiting peduncles (fide Masters) “ half the
length of the leaves. Capsule depressed-spheroidal, the size of a hazel-
nut, covered with hooked gland-tipped barbed hispid spines, 3-celled.”

Malacca, Maingay, No. 242 (Kew Distrib.).

I have seen only Maingay’s Malacca specimens.

3. B. Maingayi, Mast. in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 377. A woody
climber: young branches glabrous. Leaves sub-coi'iaceous, elliptic to
elliptic-oblong, shortly bluntly and rather abruptly acuminate, entire ;
the base rounded with 3 bold and 2 minute nerves : both surfaces quite
glabrous ; lateral nerves about 2 or 3 pairs, prominent beneath as are
the reticulations ; length 7 or 8 in., breadth 3 to 3'5 in. ; petioles 12 in.,
thickened towards the apex, glabrous. Umbels in axillary fascicles of
6 or 8, their peduncles about 1 in. long, slender, glabrescent; pedicels
'25 in. Sepals '25 in. long, ovate-lanceolate. “ Petals shorter than the
sepals, with a long linear appendage. Staminodes erect, oblong, obtuse,
bifid. Style as long as the ovary. Fruiting peduncle as long as the
petiole. Capsule globose, 1'25 in. in diam., obscurely 5-lobed, studded
with short subulate prickles.”

Malacca ; Griffith, Maingay.

Of this species I have seen no good specimens in flower or fruit,
and the above account of these parts is taken from Masters’ descrip-
tion.

4. B. elliptica, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Tnd. i. 377. A woody
climber ; young branches minutely rusty-tomentose. Leaves broadly
elliptic, abruptly and shortly acuminate, entire ; the base 5-nerved,
rounded or minutely cordate ; upper surface minutely scabrid-hispid,
the midrib and nerves hispid-tomoutose ; lower minutely pubescent
on the veins, the midrib and longer nerves tomentose : lateral nerves
3 pairs, oblique, curving, prominent beneath as are the secondary nerves
and reticulations: length 5'5 to 7'7 in., breadth 3'5 to 4'75 in., petiole

92 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

2 to 3 in., tomentose. TJmhels pedunculate, solitary or in fascicles of 5 or
6, axillary, few-flowered, stellate-tomentose : peduncles '5 to 1 in. j
pedicels '1 to '25 in., both slender. Buds -l in. in diam. Sepals ovate,
acuto. Petals rounded, with long cylindric inflexed apices longer than
the sepals. Fruit unknown.

Malacca, Maingay : No. 241 (Kew Distrib.). Perak; Scortechini.

Evidently a rare species; for I have seen, besides Maingay’s, only
Scortechini’s solitary specimen.

5. B. Jackuna, Wall, in Roxb. FI. Tnd. (ed Carey) ii. 386. A
Stout woody creeper, the young branches with densely minute ferrugi-
nous tomentum some of which is stellate. Leaves nan’owly or broadly
elliptic, acuminate, entire ; the base boldly 3-nerved, rounded, sometimes
slightly cordate, rarely acute ; upper surface sparsely and shortly hispid ;
under surface rufous, hispid-tomentose especially on midrib and nerves,
many of the hairs on both surfaces stellate ; lateral nerves 3 or 4 pairs,
curved, spreading; length 35 to 6 in., breadth 2 to 3 75 in. ; petiole '4
to 1 in. tomentose. Umbels pedunculate, solitary or in groups of 3 or 4
from the leaf-axils, few-flowered, tomentose : peduncles '25 to 1 in.
long ; pedicels about '35, slender. Sepals linear-subulate, spreading,
hispid, about '4 in. long. Petals sub-rotund, lobed, each with a single
long cylindrio terminal appendage as long as the sepals. Capsule glo-
bose, slightly 5-furrowed, 1 in. in diam., black, glabrescent, armed with
many straight spines. Seeds oblong, black. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br.
Ind. i. 376 ; Wall. Cat. 1147.

Penang, Perak and Singapore ; at low elevations.

6. B. Aspera, Colebr. in Roxb. FI. Ind. (ed. Carey), ii. 383. A
powerful woody climber often with a tree-like stem ; young branches
glaucous, minutely and deciduously pubescent. Leaves sub-orbicular
or ovate-orbicular, shortly acuminate, entire, the base cordate, 5 to 7-
nerved ; upper surface glabrous, shining; the lower glabrescent, the
midrib and nerves puberulous ; lateral nerves 4 to 6 pairs, prominent
beneath as are the stout transverse veins ; length 4'5 to 7'5 in., breadth
about the same : petiole 2 to 5 in., glaucous-pubescent at first, afterwards
glabrous. Cymes axillary, solitary or fasciculate, pedunculate, much
branched, many-flowered, pubescent to tomentose, 3 or 4 in. long :
ultimate pedicels '5 in. long, slender. Sepals lanceolate, acute, spreading,
'15 in. long, puberulous externally. Petals cuneate, shorter than the
sepals, 3-lobed, the middle lobe linear-lanceolate, reflexed. Staminodes
truncate. Ovary globular, scabrid. Capsules globular, I'5 to 2 in.
in diam., slightly depressed, pubescent when young, glabrons when ripe,

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 93

armed with many long, nearly straight, sharp spines. Seeds oblong,
•5 in. or more long. Wall Cat. 1144 ; Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind.
i. 377 ; Kurz For. FI. Burm. i. 151 ; Pierre FI. Forest. Coch-Chine, t.
206, figs. 1 to 8. B. grandifolia, DC. Prodr. i. 486. B. nepalensis,
Turcz. in Bull. Mosc, 1858, 207.

Andaman Islands. Distrib. Brit. India, China, Cochin-China.

7. B. Andamanensis, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1871, ii. 47.
A woody climber : young branches scaberulous. Leaves sub-orbicular,
erenate and palmately 3 to 5-lobed, the lobes acuminate ; or ovate-
rotund, acuminate and irregularly serrate-crenate and not lobed ; the
base always deeply cordate, 5 to 7-nerved ; lateral nerves about 5 pairs,
opposite, prominent beneath as are the midrib and straight transverse
veins ; both surfaces sparsely pubescent at first, but afterwards glabrous.
Oymes umbellate, 2 or 3 times branched, spreading, many-flowered,
Solitary, or 2 or 3 in a fascicle, axillary : the common peduncle stout,
•6 to - 75 in. long; secondary peduncles about the same length, tertiary
half as long : flower-pedicels ‘15 in., all slender and slightly pubescent.
Sepals ovate acuminate or deltoid, puberulous externally. Petals with
2 obscure lateral lobes, and a long lanceolate indexed middle lobe.
Staminodes truncate. Capsule globose, less than 1 in. in diam , glaucous
when young, armed with a few unequal, rather short, smooth, stiff spines.
Kurz in Flora, 1871, p. 277 ; For. FI. Br. Burm. i. 152 ; Mast, in Hook,
fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 377 ; Pierre FI. Forest. Coch-Chine, t. 207, figs. 1 to 9..

Andaman Islands. Distrib. Burmah, Siam, Cochin-China.

11. COMMEKSOHIA, Forsk.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, oblique. Inflorescence cymose,
terminal or axillary or leaf opposed. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, concave
at the base, prolonged into a long strap-shaped appendage at the apex.
Fertile stamens 5, opposite the petals ; anthers subglobose, 2-celled,
cells diverging ; staminodes 5, opposite to the sepals, lanceolate. Carpels
5, opposite to the sepals, connate ; styles connate ; ovules 2-6. Capsule
loculicidally 5-valved, covered with bristly hairs. Seeds ascending,
albuminous, Btrophiolate ; cotyledons flat, radicle next the hilum.
Distrib. A genus of about 8 species, some of which are natives of the
Malay peninsula and Archipelago, others of Australia.

C. platyphylla, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 603 (note). A low tree; young
branches softly rusty-tomentose. Leaves membranous, inequilateral,
ovate-acuminate, irregularly dentate-serrate ; the base more or less
cordate, one side sub-aurienlate, upper surface sparsely and minutely

94 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

stellate-hairy, lower softly hoary tomentose : length 5 to 8 in., breadth
3 to 4'5 in., petioles '2 to 3 in.; stipules shorter than the petioles,
scarious, lobed. Cymes corymbose, much shorter than the leaves,
spreading, much branched, tomentose. Flowers • 2 or ’25 in. in diarn
Calyx pubescent, cut nearly to the base into 5 ovate-lanceolate lobes.
Petals as long as the sepals but much narrower, concave at the base ; the
terminal appendage elongate, narrowly oblong, its edges indexed.
Stamens 5. the anthers broad, extrorse. Staminodes 5, lanceolate, spread-
ing, reflexed, shorter than the petals. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule globose,
•4 or '5 in. in diam., densely covered with long soft, flexuose, pubescent
bristles. Mast, in Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. i. 378. C. Javensis, G. Don.
Gen. Syst. i. 523; Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. 312. C. eoliinata, Blume Bijdr.
86 ; Wall. Cat. 1143 ; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 519, not’ of Forst. C. echinata,
var. /?. Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 182. Buettneria hypoleuca, Turcz. in
Mosc. Bull. 1858, 207.

In all the provinces except the Andamans and Nicobars. Distrib.
Malayan Archipelago, Philippines.

12. Leptonychia, Turcz.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, entire. Floivers in small axillary
cymes. Sepals 5, valvate, united near the base. Petals 5, valvate, short,
orbicular, concave. Andrcecium tubular below, filamentiferous above,
filaments 3-seriate, outer series of 5 to 10 ligulate staminodes opposite the
petals, middle of 10 fertile stamens also opposite the petals, innermost
of 5 very short fleshy subulate staminodes opposite the sepals ; anthers
linear-oblong, introrse, dehiscing at the sides longitudinally. Ovary
sessile, 3-4-celled ; placentas axile ; styles connate, stigmas capitellate ;
ovules many in each Cell, anatropous. Capsule 2-3-celled, or by abortion
1-celled, dehiscing septicidally or loculicidally, or both simultaneously
or irregularly. Seeds black, with a fleshy yellowish arillus ; albumen
fleshy, cotyledons foliaceous, radicle superior. Distrib. three or four
species — Indo Malayan and Tropical African.

L. glabra, Turcz. in Mosc. Bull, for 1858, p. 222. A tree : the
young branches glabrous. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
rather abruptly acuminate, the base slightly narrowed or rounded, 3-
nerved ; both surfaces glabrous, shining ; main nerves 4 to 7 pairs, thin :
length 4 to 8 in., breadth P6 to 3 in. ; petiole "4 to -5 in., glabrous.
Flowers '25 in. in diam. ; the buds oblong, obtuse, 5-ridged. Sepals
ovate-lanceolate or oblong, rather obtuse, spreading, pubescent on both
surfaces, not veined. Petals about one-fourth the size of the sepals,
broad, truncate, villous. Stamens 10, in five phalanges of two each,

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 95

nearly as long as the sepals. Staminodes 10 to 20, glabrous, the outer 5 to 15
shorter than, or as long as, the stamens, filiform; the inner invariably 5,
short, subulate, internal to, and alternating with, the phalanges of stamens.
Ovary broadly obovate, obtuse, obscurely 4-grooved, with a few scattered
hairs near the apex, 4-celled. Style cylindric, tapering, with sparse
spreading hairs. Capsule coriaceous, depressed-obovoid, pale greyish,
•5 in. long, rugose ; within shining pale and wrinkled. Seed solitary,
oblong, black, less than half covered by a thin arillus proceeding from
its side. Mast, in Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. i. 379 ; Kurz For. FI. Burm.

i. 150; Oudein. in Compt. Rend. Ac. Roy. Sc. Amsterd. 2 Ser., 11, 8,
cum ic; Walp. Ann. vii. 449. Grewia ? cauda t a, Wall. Cat. 1099. L.
heteroclita, Kara For. FI. Hurm. i. 150. G. heteroclita, Roxb. FI. Ind.

ii. 590. Binnindykia t.richostylis, Kura in Nat. Tijdsc. Ned. Ind., Ser.
3, iii, 164. Turrtea trichostylis, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 502.

Malacca, Penang, Perak, Andamans ; at low elevations. Distrib.
Malayan Archipelago, Burma.

Var. Mastersiana, young branches, midribs and petioles of leaves
puberulous ; flowers '5 in. in diam., the buds pointed ; sepals 3-veined :
outer staminodes varying from 5 to 15, often pubescent in the upper-
half : ovary oblong-ovoid, villous, 3-celled : style glabrous: capsule
black. L. acuminata, Mast, in Hook, fil FI. Br. Ind. i. 379.

Malacca and Perak. Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo, Burmah.

This shrub or small tree is common, and I have thus had the
advantage of being able to examine a large number of flowers. The
result of my examination of these is that, whereas the inner staminodes
are invariably 5 iu number, the outer series varies in number in the
most perplexing way from 5 to 15. Where there are 10, they are always
arranged in pairs united at the base : and where there are 15, they are
arranged iu threes united at the base. The proper view to take of these
staminodes is I believe therefore that they are single organs, but some-
times deeply cleft into 2 or .3 linear and equal segments. On this ac-
count, and also on account of the similarity of the other organs, I am
induced to think that there is but one species of Leptonychia and that
Masters species acuminata and Beddome’s L. moacurroides are merely
forms of the species on which Turczaninow originally founded the genus.

Order XIX. TILIACEH3.

Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or
lobed. Stipules free, usually caducous. Flowers usually cymose, or in
cymose panicles, or racemose. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, rarely
unisexual. Sepals 3-5, free or connate, valvate. Petals as many as the
sepals, rarely absent, imbricate or valvate. Stamens numerous, rarely

96 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

definite, usually springing from a prolonged or dilated torus, free or
sometimes 5-adelphous, filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary free,
2-10-celled ; styles columnar, or dividod into as many divisions as there
are cells to the ovary, stigmas usually distinct, rarely confluent or sessile.
Ovules attached to the inner angle of the cells of the ovary ; if few in
number, often pendulous from the apex or ascending from the base ; if
more numerous, disposed in 2 or more ranks, anatropous ; raphe ventral
or lateral. Fruit fleshy or dry, dehiscent or indehiscent, 2-10 or by
abortion 1-celled (cells sometimes divided by false partitions) ; carpels
separable or always united. Seeds 1 or many, ascending, pendulous or
transverse, with no nrillus ; testa leathery or crustaceous or pilose ; al-
bumen fleshy, abundant or scanty, rarely wanting ; embryo straight or
slightly curved, cotyledons leafy, rarely fleshy, radicle next the liilum. —
Distrib. about 370 species ; most abundant in the tropics of either
hemisphere.

Series A. Holopetalce. Petals glabrous or rarely downy, coloured, thin,
unguiculate, entire or nearly so, imbricate or twisted in the bud.
Anthers globose or oblong, opening by slits.

Tribe I. Brownlowiem. Sepals combined below
into a cup. Anthers globose, cells ulti-
mately confluent at the top.

* Staminodes 5.

Carpels distinct, 2-valved
Carpels combined, indehiscent, winged
** Staminodes 0.

Stamens on a raised torus
Stamens on a contracted torus ...

Tribe II. Greioiece. Sepals distinct. Petals
glandular at the base. Stamens springing
from the apex of a raised torus.

Fruit drupaceous, not prickly ...

Fruit dry indehiscent or 3-5 coccous, prickly
Tribe III. Tiliece. Sepals distinct : petals not
glandular. Stamens springing from a
contracted torus.

Herbs or undershrubs with 3 or 5-celled
capsules: seeds without hairs
Trees with 2-celled capsules ; seeds with
marginal hairs

Series B. Heteropetaloe. Petals usually incised, rarely entire or absent,
induplicate or imbricate not twisted : anthers linear, opening
by a terminal pore often with an apical awn or tuft of hairs.
Stamens on a raised torus ; fruit drupaceous 9. Elceocarpus .

1. Brownlowia.

2. Pentace.

3. Sehoutenia.

4. Berrya.

5. Grewia.

6. Triumfetta.

7. Oorchorus.

8. Trichospermum.

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 97

1. Brownlowia, Roxb.

Trees. Pubescence stellate or scaly. Leaves entire, 3-5-nerved,
feather- veined. Flowers numerous, small, in large terminal or axillary
panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, irregularly 3-5-fid. Petals 5, without
glands. Stamens many, free, springing from a raised torus. Staminodes
5, within the stamens, opposite the petals and petaloid. Anthers sub-
globose. Ovaries 5, each 2-ovulate; styles awl-shaped, slightly coherent;
ovules ascending. Carpels ultimately free, 2-valved, 1-seeded. Albumen
0 ; cotyledons thick, fleshy. — Distrib. Nine species confined to Tropical
Asia.

Leaves not peltate.

Leaves lanceolate ... ... 1 . B. lanceolata.

„ broadly elliptic to elliptic-rotund 2. B. Kleinhovioidea.

Leaves peltate.

Leaves minutely hairy beneath ... 3. B. Scortechinii.

„ glabrous on both surfaces ... 4. B. macrophylla.

1. Brownlowia lanceolata, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Y. Suppl.
ii. 57. A tree 25 to 30 feet high ; young branches pale when dry, sub-
lepidote. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, the base obtuse ; upper surface when adult glabrous, shining,
the lower covered by a dense layer of minute whitish yellow shining
scales: main nerves 6 to 8 pairs (1 pair of them basal), not prominent:
length 4'5 to 6 in., breadth 1'5 to 1'75 in., petiole "25 to '4 in. Panicles
axillary or terminal, 1 to 3 in. long, and less than 1 in. across, few-
flowered. Flowers '25 in. long, their pedicels about as long. Calyx
•2 in. long, scaly like the pedicel, its lobes lanceolate. Petals longer
than the calyx, oblong, blunt, slightly narrowed to the shortly unguicu-
late base, glabrous. Anther-cells sub-divaricate, sub-confluent when
adult. Ovary deeply 3 to 5-lobed, pubescent, the cells 2-ovuled. Pipe
carpels distinct, sub-globose, truncate, compressed on their inner sur-
faces, minutely lepidote and pubescent, '5 in. in diam. Seed solitary,
with thin testa and large sub-hemispheric cotyledons. Hook. fil. PI.
Br. Ind. i. 381 : Kurz For. Flora Burm. 154.

Malacca, Griffith. Distrib. Burmah and Bengal ; in tidal forests
and mangrove swamps.

The young parts are covered with rusty or pale brown scales, but
the adult branchlets leaves and flowers are as above described.

2. Brownlowia Kleinhovioidea, King, n. sp. A tree 40 to 50 feet
high : young branches rather slender, covered with a dense thin layer of
13

98 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

minute pale brown hair. Leaves thinly coriaceous, broadly elliptic to
elliptic-rotund, slightly narrowed to the obtuse apex, very little narrow-
ed. to the more or less cordate base : upper surface glabrous, very sparse-
ly lepidote, the lower covered with a thin layer of very minute pale
hair ; basal nerves 4 or 6 (two of them small) : main lateral nerves 3
pairs; transverso secondary nerves distinct: length 5 to 7 in., breadth
3'5 to 4'5 in. ; petiole 2'5 to 3 in., thickened towards the apex, pubescent
like the under surfaces of the leaves. Panicles mostly terminal, rarely
axillary, 9 to 15 in. long (the axillary ones much smaller) the branches
rather few, spreading little, the flowers rather closely clustered on the
branchlets. Flowers '25 in. long, on pedicels about half as long.
Calyx widely campanulate, cut for a third of its length into 5 acute
triangular teeth, minutely tomentose externally, glabrous inside.
Petals longer than the calyx, oblong, very obtuse, slightly narrowed
but thickened towards the rather long basal claw. Staminodes linear,
flat, about as long as the filaments. Ovaries 3 to 5, sub-globose, lateral-
ly compressed, pubescent. Styles subulate, a little longer than the
stamens, slightly coherent. Fruit unknown.

On Gunong Bnbu in Perak, at elevations of 600 to 1000 feet ;
King’s Collector.

A species with leaves not unlike these of Kleinhovia hospita : in
many respects closely allied to B. elata, but with much smaller flowers.

3. Brownlowia Scortechinii, n. sp., King. A small slender tree :
young branches stout, pale, sparsely lenticellate, pubescent at first but
soon glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-elliptic, peltate, slightly nar-
rowed to the acute or sub-acute apex ; the edges sub-undulate ; very
little narrowed to the rounded, or sometimes sub-emai’ginate, base ;
upper surface glabrous ; the lower pale from a thin continuous layer of
very minute hairs ; petiole attached 2\5 to 3 in. above the base, nerves
radiating from it about 9, lateral nerves from the midrib about 4 pairs ;
all rather prominent beneath, as are the transverse secondary nerves :
length 10 to 15 in., breadth 5'5 to 7 in., petiolo 7 to 9 in. long, thickened
at both ends. Panicle terminal, 6 to 12 in. long and about 6 in. broad,
or sometimes small narrow panicles in terminal clusters of 6 to 10 :
branches spreading, compressed, puberulons ; bracteoles ovate, fugaceous ;
pedicels, stout, '15 in. long in the bud but lengthening as the flower ex-
pands, puberulous. Flowers - 6 in. long, crowded. Calyx narrowly cam-
panulate ; its teeth half as long as the tube, lanceolate, sub-acute, tomen-
tose-lepidote externally. Petals longer than the calyx, narrowly ob-
ovate, much narrowed to the clawed base. Staminodes linear, about as
long as the filaments. Ovaries 5, ovoid, compressed, stellate-pubescent'

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 99

Styles slightly longer than the stamens, subulate, bent at the apex.
Fruit unknown.

Perak; Scortecliini, No. 1918.

Collected only once by the late Fr. Scortechini and referred by him
to B. elata, Roxb. The species is, however, quite distinct from B. elata ;
and also from B. peltata, which it more resembles in its leaves.

4. Brownlowia macro phylla, King n. sp. A tree 30 to 40 feet
high: young branches very stout, deciduously rufous-puberulous.
Leaves very coriaceous, rotund, those on the older branches elliptic, the
apex rounded or very slightly and shortly apiculate, the edges sub-
undulate, the base broad, emarginate or slightly cordate, both surfaces
glabrous ; main nerves 7 to 9 basal and about 2 pairs lateral, prominent
on both surfaces, secondary nerves transverse and very distinct : length
of the rotund leaves 11 to 17 in., breadth 10 to 14: of the elliptic,
length 6 to 10 in., breadth 3'5 to 5'5 in. : potiole 2'25 to 4'5 in., thickened
at both ends. Panicle terminal, almost as long as the leaves, its
branches numerous, compressed, grooved, spreading, scurfy and rusty-
pubescent : bracts few, linear-lanceolate, nearly 1 in. long, persistent.
Flowers '65 in. long : their peduncles shorter than the calyx, stout,
deeply grooved. Calyx rather widely cylindric-campanulate, its teeth
about half as long as the tube, acute, triangular, rusty-tomentose and
scurfy externally. Petals oblong, obtuse, very little narrowed to the
base and without any very distinct claw. Ovaries 3 to 5, narrowly
ovoid, compressed, vertically ridged, lepidote as are the conjoined styles.
Fruit sub-globose, much compressed, covered with a layer of very
minute pale hairs, '75 in. in diam.

Perak, at low elevations and in moist ground ; Scortechini, Wray,
King’s Collector,

2 Pentace, Hassk.

Trees. Herbaceous portions sometimes pubescent or scaly, ulti-
mately glabrous. Leaves entire, leathery, the lower surface (except in
one species) pale from a thin layer of minute adpressed scaly hair.
Flowers numerous, small, in terminal panicles. Calyx bell-shaped,
usually 5-fid. Petals 5, membranous, glabrous, longer than the calyx,
glandless. Stamens numerous, on a slightly raised torus, usually penta-
delphous. Staminodes 5, opposite the sepals. Anthers subglobose ;
pollen globose, 3-pored. Ovary 5-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; ovule pendu-
lous, raphe next the placenta. Styles united, rarely free. Fruit dry,
indehiscent, 3-10-winged, 1-celled, 1-seeded bj T abortion. Seed solitary,
albuminous. — Distrib. About 15 species, all Malayan.

100 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1

Leaves with pinnate nervation.

Ovary 3-ridged... ... ... 1.

Ovary 5-ridged.

Leaves with 6 or 7 pairs of nerves... 2.
„ „ 3 or 4 „ ... 3.

Ovary 10-ridged ... ... 4.

Leaves boldly 5-nerved at the base, lateral
nerves from the central nerve (midrib)

3 pairs ; 7 to 14 in. long ; ovary 5-ridged... 5.

Leaves boldly 8-nerved at the base; the
central nerve (midrib) with 1 or 2 pairs of
lateral nerves : rarely more than 7 in. long.

Ovary not visibly ridged ... ... 6.

Ovary 8 or 9-ridged.

Styles quite confluent ... ... 7.

„ free.. ... ... 8.

Ovary 10-ridged.

Leaves glabrous on both surfaces ... 9.

,, with a dense layer of minute
adpressed hair on the under
surface ... ... 10.

Leaves boldly 3-nerved at the base, the
central nerve (midrib) without lateral
nerves, only 3 or 4 in. long ; ovary 5-ridged 11.

P. triptera.

P. llooheriana.
P. Kunstleri.

P. perakensis.

P. macrophylla.

P. floribunda.

P. Curtisii.

P. eximia.

P. Scortechinii.

P. Grifithii.

P. strychnoidea.

1. Pentace triptera, Mast, in Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. i. 382. A
large tree: young branches pubescent, speedily becoming glabrous,
their bark dark-coloured. Leaves ovate to ovate-rotund, ° sometimes
ovate-oblong, sub-acute or shortly and bluntly aouminate, the margins
undulate, the base rounded; upper surface glabrous, the lower pale,
minutely scaly ; basal nerves one or two pairs; lateral 5 to 7 pairs, as-
cending, straight ; length 4 to 5 in., breadth 2 to 2 75 in. ; petiole -6 to
12 in. thickened towards the apex, pubescent. Panicles terminal and
axillary, 6 to 8 in. long, with short many-flowered branches minutely
and softly stellate-tomentose. Flowers nearly -2 in. long, on pedicels
shorter than the calyx. Calyx with 5 lanceolate teeth, tomentose outside.
Petals spathulate-oblong, obtuse. Stamens 5-delphous, longer than the
style. Staminodes subulate, shorter than the stamens. Ovary densely
tomentose, shortly 3-winged. Style filiform, glabrous, bent at the
apex. Fruit oblong, narrow, '6 in. long, with 3 spreading membranous
rounded wings '5 in. broad.

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 101

Malacca ; Griffith, Maingay. Perak : Scortechini.

This approaches the Javan P. polyantha, Hassk., which has, however,
larger flowers with a shallower calyx with longer teeth, a shorter style,
and a 5-lobed ovary.

2. Pentace Hookeriana, n. sp., King. A tree 30 to 40 feet high :
young branches cinereous, glabrous. Leaves elliptic-oblong, slightly
obovate, acute, the base narrowed and slightly unequal ; upper surface
glabrous, the lower dull ; lateral main nerves about 6 pairs (one of the
pairs basal), prominent on both surfaces; the intermediate nerves,
transverse veins and reticulations prominent only on the lower : length
5 to 7'5 in.; breadth 2 to 2 75 in.; petiole ’25 in., stout. Panicles
terminal and in the axils of the upper leaves, 2'5 to 5 in. long, the
branches spreading, everywhere scurfy-tomentose. Flowers rather
crowded, '2 in. long, on pedicels shorter than the calyx. Calyx cam-
panulate, cut half-way down into 3 or 4 broadly triangular sub-acute
spreading teeth, scaly and minutely tomeutose outside. Petals narrow-
ly obovate. Stamens 15 in 5 bundles of 3 each, very much shorter
than the petals. Staminodes thick, orbicular, embracing the ovary.
Ovary depressed-globose, densely pubescent, obscurely 5-lobed, 5-celled,
Styles 5, free, shorter than the ovary. Fruit unknown.

Perak, on the banks of tho Kiuta river : King’s Collector, No. 815.

3. Pentace Kunstleri, n. sp., King. A tree 30 to 40 feet high :
young branches slender, dark-coloured, glabrous. Leaves broadly ovate,
with an abrupt short broad blunt acumen, the base rounded : upper
surface shining, glabrous, the lower dull ; lateral nerves 3 or 4 pairs,
curved, prominent beneath ; sometimes a pair of short slender sub-
marginal nerves at the base : length 4'5 to 6 in., breadth 2'5 to 3 P 5 in, ;
petiole '75 to 1 in., stout, thickened at the apex. Panicles terminal, 3 p 5
to 6 in. long, puberulous, much-branched. Flowers numerous, -15 in.
long, the pedicels slightly shorter. Calyx tubular-campanulate, minutely
stellate- hairy and lepidote outside ; the teeth triangular, acute, erect.
Petals spathulate with a very long claw. Stamens in 5 bundles.
Staminodes linear-lanceolate, as long as the filaments. Ovary depressed-
globose, with 5 blunt angles, lepidote and pubescent, 5-celled. Style
straight, glabrous. Fruit unknown.

Perak, at a very low elevation; King’s Collector, No. 6871.

4. Pentace Perakensis, n. sp., King. A tree 30 to 40 feet high :
young branches cinereous, glabrous. Leaves ovate-elliptic, slightly
oblique, bluntly acuminate, the base rounded or sub-cuneate : upper
sui face shining, glabrous : the lower dull ; lateral nerves about 5 pairs

102 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

ascending, curved; length 5 to 6 in., breadth 2'5 to 3 in. ; petiole '75 to

1 in., stout, and thickened at the apex. Panicles terminal, 4 to 5 in.
long and less than 2 in. wide, little branched and few-flowered.
Flowers about '1 in. long, their pedicels about as long. Oalyx rotate,
minutely lepidote outside ; the teeth triangular, spreading. Petals ovate,
narrowed to a short claw. Stamens about 30, 5-delphous. Staminodes
lanceolate, as long as the filaments. Ovary globose, slightly pointed,
10-ridged, slightly hairy, 5-celled. Style about as long as the ovary,
cylindric. Stigma terminal, small. Fruit unknown.

Perak, King’s Collector, No. 3428.

5. Pentace macrophylla, n. sp., King. A tree usually from 20
to 30 feet high, but occasionally as much as 50 feet. Young branches
rather slender, pale brown, glabrous. Leaves large, ovate-elliptic to
almost rotund, the apex very shortly and abruptly blunt-acuminate, the
base rounded: upper surface glabrous; the lower dull; basal nerves

2 pairs, the upper branched on one side ; lateral nerves from the midrib
2 to 3 pairs, all ascending and little curved, prominent beneath ; length
7 to 14 in., breadth 5 to 12 in. ; petiole 2'5 to 3 in., stont. Panicles
terminal and axillary, 6 to 15 in. long, lax, spreading, minutely yellow-
ish-pubescent and scurfy. Flowers '15 in. long and '2 in. in diam., on
pedicels about as long as the calyx. Calyx almost rotate, cut for two-
thirds of its length into 5 lanceolate acute teeth, minutely yellowish-
tomentose outside. Petals oblanceolate, obtuse. Staminodes linear, as
long as the stamens. Stamens in 5 bundles of about 15 each. Ovary
ovoid, scaly and pubescent, obtusely 5-angled. Style rather shorter
than the stamens, cylindric, pointed. Fruit '75 in. long with 10 radiat-
ing semi-elliptic striate sparsely scaly wings each '4 in. wide.

Perak at elevations up to 500 feet ; King’s Collector, Scortechini,
Wray: common.

Distinguished from all the other known species by the large size of
its leaves.

6. Pentace floribunda, n. sp., King. A tree 40 to 70 feet high :
young branches slender, sparsely stellate-puberulous, the bark dark-
coloured. Leaves elliptic-oblong to elliptic-rotund, the apex shortly and
rather abruptly apiculate ; the base rounded or slightly narrowed ; upper
surface glabrous, lowor cinereous and with some scattered pubescence ;
basal nerves 2 pairs, one of them branching on one side : lateral nerves
2 or 3 pairs, all ascending and all rather prominent : transverse veins
not prominent; length 5 to 6'5 in., breadth 2 5 to 3 75 in., petiole 1 to 2
in., tliickonod towards the apex. Panicles towards the apices of the

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 103

branches, axillary and terminal, stellate-pubescent, slender, spreading,
many-branched. Flowers very numerous, - 1 in. long, the pedicels
slender and rather longer. Calyx when expanded rotate, cut half way
down into triangular very acute or acuminate spreading teeth, densely
stellate-tomentose outside. Petals broadly oblaneeolate, obtuse, narrow-
ed to the base. Stamens 5-delphcus. Staminodes apparently absent.
Ovary globose, densely tomentose, not visibly ridged, 5-celled. Style
filiform, tapering, straight, glabrous. Fruit unknown.

Perak, at elevations from 600 to 1000 feet : King’s Collector, Nos.
7616 and 7730.

A species distinguished by its slender hoary panicles, with flowers
by far more numerous than in any of the other species described here.

7. Pent ace Curtisii, n. sp. King. A large tree : the young branches
slender, with dark-coloured bark, very minutely adpressed-lepidote, not
hairy. Leaves ovate elliptic, with a short abrupt blunt acumen, the
base rounded : upper surface glabrous, the lower cinereous ; basal
nerves 2 pairs, one pair slender and close to the margin, the other
branching on one side : lateral nerves 2 or 3 pairs ; all ascending and
rather prominent beneath : length 3'25 to 5’5 in., breadth 2'25 to 2'75
in. ; petiole '75 to 1 in. slender, slightly thickened at apex. Panicles
mostly terminal (a few smaller axillary) 4'5 to 6 in. long with sparse
cinereous stellate tomentum and scales, few-branched, and few-flowered.
Flowers '15 in. long, on pedicels shorter than themselves. Calyx widely
campanulate, stellate-tomentose outside ; its teeth as long as the tube,
broadly triangular, rather blunt. Petals oblaneeolate or obovate-obtuse,
much narrowed to the base. Staminodes lanceolate, acuminate, half as
long as the filaments. Stamens in 5 bundles. Ovary turbinate, with
8 or 9 blunt ridges, lepidote-pubescent : style rather stout, cylindric,
shorter than the stamens. Fruit ’5 in. long, with 8 semi-elliptic mem-
branous wings '2 in. broad.

Penang ; Curtis, No. 1573.

8. Pentace eximia, n. sp., King. A tree 50 to 70 feet high :
young branches slender, dark-coloured, glabrous. Leaves ovate-elliptic
to ovate-rotund, shortly and abruptly acuminate, the base slightly
narrowed or rounded : upper surface glabrous, shining : lower paler and
dull ; basal nerves 1 pair, bold and reaching to the apex, often with a
slender small sub-marginal pair : lateral nerves usually only one pair,
short and curving ; all rather bold beneath : length 4 to 5'5 in., breadth

2 to 4 in. ; petiole '75 to l'l in., thickened at the apex. Panicles terminal,

3 5 to 5 in. long, (longer in fruit), minutely scurfy-tomentose, with

104 G. King — Mater ials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

rather numerous spreading branches. Flowers numerous, 1 in. long,
the pedicels about the samo length. Calyx densely scaly outside,
the teeth triangular. Petals cuneate, obtuse, narrowed to a broad claw.
Stamens about 25, in groups of 5. Staminodes lanceolate. Ovary sub-
globular, 10-ridged (the ridges in pairs), scaly and pubescent, 5-celled,
the cells with imperfect septa and thus falsely 10-celled. Styles 10,
much shorter than the stamens, free, or united when young at the base
only. Fruit about '5 in. long, with 8 radiating semi-elliptic wings 1 to
•15 in. broad, minutely adpressed-scaly.

Perak ; at elevations under 1000 feet, King’s Collector, Nos. 3482
and 3649.

This agrees with P. Curtisii in having 8-winged fruit, but the
flowers are much smaller. The styles moreover are shorter than the
ovary and quite distinct, which is the case in no other species of this
genus which I have yet met with.

9. Pentace Scortechinii, n. sp. King. A tree ? young branches
slender, glabrous, dark-coloured. Leaves elliptic-oblong, shortly cau-
date-acuminate, the base more or less cuneate : both surfaces quite
glabrous, conoolorous ; basal nerves 1 pair very bold, as is the midrib ;
lateral nerves (from the midrib) 1 or 2 pairs, not conspicuous : length
7 to 9 in., breadth 2‘75 to 3 5 in. ; petiole less than 5 in., stout.
Panicles terminal and axillary, slender, only about half the length of
the leaves, few-branched, minutely tomentose. Flowers rather crowded,
•25 in. long, on pedicels shorter than the calyx. Calyx widely tubular-
campanulate, minutely scurfy-tomentose outside, cnt a third of its
depth into 5 small triangular reflexed teeth. Petals obovate, obtuse,
much narrowed to the base. Stamens in 5 bundles of 15 each. Sta-
minodes lanceolate, half as long as the stamens. Ovary ovoid, obscure-
ly 5-ridged, scaly, 5-celled. Style cylindric, tapering, longer than the
stamens. Fruit unknown.

Perak, Father Scortechini, No. 119b.

Only once collected and without fruit. A very distinct species.

10. Pentace Griffithii, n. sp., King. A tree : young branches
slender, dark-coloured, glabrous. Leaves ovate-elliptic, tapering about
equally to the acute apex and base ; upper surface shining, lower dull ;
basal nerves 2 pairs, the lower pair slender and sub-marginal, the upper
branched on one side and bold (as is the midrib), ascending, curved ; lateral
nerves (from the midrib) 2 pairs ; length 4 to 7 in., breadth 2'25 to 3
in. ; petiole nearly 1'5 in. long, thickened at both ends, but especially
at the apex. Panicles terminal, slender, few-branched, lax, minutely

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 105

cinereous-tomentose. Flowers not very numerous, large for the genus
('25 in. long and '25 in. in diam.), on pedicels about as long as the
calyx. Calyx widely campanulate, almost rotate, minutely stellate-
tomentose outside ; the teeth as long as the tube, spreading. Petals
ovate, obtuse, rather suddenly contracted into a linear claw. Stamens
in 5 groups of 12 or 13 each. Staminodes lanceolate, as long as the
filaments. Ovary sub-globose, slightly compressed, minutely stellate-
tomentose and scaly, obtusely 5-angled, 5-ce'led. Style cylindric, rather
shorter than the filaments. Fruit nearly 1 in. long, with 10 radiating
membranous, horizontal striate, minutely scaly, semi-elliptic, membra-
nous wings, each '35 in. broad.

Tavoy in Tenasserim ; Griffith, Aplin.

A very distinct species only once collected within recent years, by
Mr. Aplin. There is, however, in the Kew Herbarium a twig of it col-
lected by Griffith many years ago bearing this note in Griffith’s hand-
writing “ Tiliacearum gen. nov. capsulis pluri-alatis.” Although this
plant has hitherto been found only in territory which is politically
Burmese, yet Tavoy (being at the southern extremity of Tenasserim) is
practically Malayan in its Flora and Fauna. I therefore include it
here.

11. Pentace STRTCHnoidea, n. sp., King. A tree 60 to 80 feet
high : young branches slender, cinereous, glabrous. Leaves ovate-
elliptic rarely ovate-oblong, shortly and abruptly acuminate, the base
rounded or slightly narrowed ; upper surface shining, glabrous ; lower
pale and dull ; boldly 3-nerved and often with a slender sub-marginal
pair of nerves ; length 3 to 4 in., breadth 1'75 to 2'25. in. ; petiole '75 in.
slightly thickened at the apex. Panicles terminal, 3 to 6 in. long, few-
branched, lax, minutely lepidote-puberulous. Flowers rather large for
the genus ('2 in. long). Calyx cup-shaped, tomentose outside, cut more
than half way down into 5 triangular acute teeth. Petals oblanceolate,
slightly oblique, much narrowed to the base. Stamens in 5 bundles of
about 20 each. Staminodes linear-lanceolate. Ovary ovoid-globose,
obtusely 5-ridged, minutely tomentose and lepidote, 5-celled. Style
filiform, as long as the stamens. Fruit unknown.

Perak ; at elevations of L from 500 to 1000 feet, King’s Collector,
No. 3478.

3. Schotjtenia, Korth.

Trees with alternate simple pinnately-nerved leaves. Flowers
axillary, solitary or in clusters ; or in terminal few-flowered panicles.
Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed ; lobes valvate, accrescent, coloured. Petals
14

106 G. King Materials joe a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

small, linear without claw, or absent. Stamens numerous, free, some-
times inserted on the apex of a short gynopliore ; authors oblong, 2-
celled : cells parallel, with longitudinal sutural dehiscence. Staminodes
0. Ovary sessile or shortly stalked, imperfectly 3 to 5-cellcd ; oells with

2 ovules from the base of the axilo placentas, style filiform ; stigmas

3 to 5, linear fleshy, reflexed. Capsule with crustaceous fragile pericarp,
dehiscing irregularly, 1-celled (by abortion), 1- to 3-seeded. Seeds sub-
globose, with loathery smooth testa, exalbuminous : the cotyledons
large, leafy, thin, crumpled: embryo straight. Distrib. 5 species, of
which 4 are Malayan and 1 Cambodian.

Flowers in panicles or solitary, axillary.

Calyx very accrescent very deeply lobed 1. S. Mastersii.

„ slightly accrescent not deeply lobed 2. S. Kunstleri .}

Flowers in dense axillary glomeruli ... 3. S. glomerata .

1. Schoutenia Mastersii, King. A tree 60 to 80 feet high :
young branches slender, dark-coloured, at first scaly but soon glabrous.
Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, slightly obovate, shortly and
bluntly acuminate, the base rounded ; upper surface glabrous, the lower
minutely and softly tawny-tomentose ; nerves slightly prominent beneath,
about 3 pairs lateral and 1 pair basal : length ‘75 to 3' 25 in. ; breadth

4 to 1 1 in. ; petiole less than '1 in. Flowers solitary and axillary, or
in terminal leafy panicles ; the pedicels from '35 to 75 in. according to
age, tawny-tomentose, jointed below the middle. Calyx membranous,
pink, conspicuously veined, at first widely campanulate, '35 in. long’
with 5 shallow teeth becoming with the ripening of the fruit, rotate, flat
1’5 to 2 in. in diam., and 5-angled; pubescent outside, glabrous within.
Filaments very slender, longer than the style. Ovary obovoid-globose,
tawny-tomentose. Style stout, threo times as long as the ovary, tomen-
tose : stigmas scaly. Fruit depressed-globose, -3 in. in diam., minutely
tomentose, Chartacalyx accrescens, Mast, in Hook, fil, FI Br Ind i
382.

Malacca, Penang, Perak. Disti'ib. Borneo.

On this plant the late Dr. Maingay founded his genus Chartacalyx.
The only points, however, in which it differs from Schoutenia (as defined
by Bcntham and Hooker) are the absence of petals and the presence of
a stalk to the ovary on the upper part of which the stamens are inserted ;
and these appear to me to be, in this order, differences of quite minor
importance. Maingay never saw the fruit of this ; but copious fruiting
specimens have recently been collected and the fruit is found to be
exactly that of Schoutenia. As regards the structure of the seeds of

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 107

Schoutenia, Kortbals (the author of the genus) says nothing : nor does
Bennet who (PI. Jav. Rar. p. 239, t. 46) describes at greater length
than Kortbals the species S. ovata, the only one then known. Bennett
neither describes nor figures albumen in the seed. Hasskarl (Retzia 1,
136) describes the seeds as exalbuminous, and I find none in the seeds
of these species of which I have been able to examine ripe fruit. The
only other known species are S. ovata, Korth. from Java ; and S. hy~
poleuca, Pierre (Fl. Cochin-Chine t. 134) from Cambodia.

2. Schoutenia Kunstmsri, n. sp., King. A tree 60 to 70 feet
high : young branches cinereous, rather rough -glabrous. Leaves thinly
coriaceous, narrowly obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, acute, the margin
slightly waved, slightly narrowed to the rounded 3- to 5-nerved base ;
upper surface glabrous, shining: lower sub-silvery; the lateral nerves
4 or 5 pairs, spreading, curving, inter-arching near the margin, promi-
nent on the lower surface as are the basal nerves and the numerous
slightly curved transverse veins. Floioers crowded towards the ends of
the branches, in numerous short few-flowered scurfy-tomontose racemes
or cymes : pedicels from '5 to 75 in. long, jointed and bracteolate above
the base, the bracteole oblanceolate. Calyx campauulate, membranous,
coloured and veined, stellate-hairy on both surfaces, '5 to '75 in. long,
according to age, cut to the base into 5 ovate spreading lobes. Petals 0.
Stamens on a slightly elevated torus. Ovary sessile, sub-globose, densely
tomentose, 5-celled. Style longer than the stamens. Stigmas 5, short,
fleshy. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seedod, surrouuded by the slightly accrescent
persistent calyx.

Perak at elevations of from 300 to 800 feet : King’s Collector, No
3409: on Ulu Tupa, Wray, No. 2692.

According to the field notes of Messrs. Kunstler and Wray, the
calyx is yellow when young, but becomes brown when the fruit ripens.

3. Schoutenia g lour kata, n. sp., King. A tree from 40 to 60
feet high : young branches slender, cinereous, minutely pubescent.
Leaves membranous, glabrous, elliptic-oblong, acute or shortly and
bluntly acuminate, the margins slightly waved ; the base broad, rounded
or emarginate, 3-nerved, the upper pair of nerves very strong, running
to the apex of the leaf and joined to the midrib by numerous prominent
curving transverse secondary nerves, all very prominent on the pale
silvery shining under surface : length 10 to 15 in., breadth 3'5 to 5'5
in. ; petiole only '25 in. long, stout, wrinkled. Cymes condensed, very
crowded, axillary, 1 to 1'5 in. in diam. Flowers '25 in. long and '3 in.
wide, on tomentoso rufous pedicels about '2 in. long. Calyx widely

108 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

campanulate, densely rnfous-tomentose ; teeth 5, broadly triangular,
sub-erect. Petals 0. Stamens numerous ; the filaments slender, longer
than the calyx. Ovary ovoid-globose, densely tawny-tomentose, 5-
celled : style longer than the stamens : stigmas short, sub-globose. Fruit
depressed globose, ’75 in. in diam., sparsely stellate-tomentose, becom-
ing glabrous, covered only at the base by the slightly accrescent calyx.

Johore ; on Gunong Panti, King’s Collector, No. 159.

4. Berrya, Roxb.

A tree. Leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, glabrous ; base cordate,
5-7-nerved. Panicles large, many-flowered, terminal and axillary.
Calyx campanulate, irregularly 3-5-lobed. Petals 5, spathulate. Sta-
mens many, inserted on a short torus; anthers didymous, lobes divergent,
opening lengthwise. Staminodes 0. Ovary 3-4-lobed, cells 4-ovuled ;
style consolidated, stigma lobed ; ovules horizontal. Fruit loculicidally
3-4-valved, each valve 2- winged. Seeds pilose ; albumen fleshy ; coty-
ledons flat leafy, radicle superior next the hilum. — Distrib. The follow-
ing is the only species.

Bereya A mmonu.i.a, Roxb. Hort. Beng., 42. A large tree, glabrous
except the inflorescence. Leaves membranous, broadly ovate, acuminate,
the base slightly narrowed and cordate : both surfaces shining, minutely
reticulate : basal nerves 2 or 3 pairs, lateral 5 or 6 pairs : length 4 to 8
in., breadth 3 to 5 in.; petiole '75 to 2'75 in. Panicles terminal, or in
the upper axils, branching, 6 to 10 in. long, scurfy-pubescent : flowers
•35 in. in diam.; their pedicels slender, "3 to ’5 in. long. Petals longer
than the calyx, narrowly oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Anthers half as long
as the petals. Ovary ovoid, truncate, depressed at the origin of the
styles, 6 to 8-ridged, pubescent. Fruit with 6 radiating, falcate, mem-
branous, striate, deciduously stellate-tomentose wings ’8 in. long. Seeds
small : 1 to 4 in. each cell, covered with prurient pale brown hairs.
Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 639; Corom. Plants, ii. t. 264; Wall. Cat. 1068; W.
& A. Prodr. i. 81 ; Wight 111. t. 34 ; Thwaites Enum. 32 ; Beddome
Plor. Sylvat. t. 58; Kurz PI. Burm. i. 155; Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i.
383.

South Andamans. Distrib. Burmah, Southern Peninsula, India,
Ceylon.

5. Grewia, Linn.

Trees or shrubs more or less stellate-pubescent. Leaves entire, 1-9-
nerved. Flowers axillary and few, or more numerous and panicled.
Sepals distinct. Petals 5, glandular at the base, sometimes 0. Stamens

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 109

many on a raised torus. Staminodes 0. Ovary 2-4-celled, cells opposite
the petals, 2-many-ovuled ; style subulate, stigma shortly lobed. Drupe
fleshy or fibrous, entire, or 2-4-lobed; stones 1-4, 1-2-seeded, with false
paritions between the seeds. Seeds ascending ; albumen fleshy or rarely
0 ; cotyledons flat. Distrib. About 60 speoies, chiefly tropical.

Sect. I. Grewia proper. Flowers axillary or ter-
minal. Fruit fleshy or crustaceous, usual-
ly lobed ... ... ... 1. O. umbellata.

Sect. II. Microcos. Inflorescence terminal, in
panicled cymes. Flowers involucrate.

Drupe fleshy, entire ... ... 2. G. paniculata.

Sect. III. Oniphacarpus. Inflorescence terminal,
or terminal and axillary. Flowers involu-
crate, Drupe with a corky or fibrous rind.

Fruit minutely tomentose : mesocarp thick,
soft, pulpy, and with many fibres; py-
rene single, small.

Pyrene membranous: leaves softly to-
mentose beneath ... ... 3. G. fibrocarpa.

Pyrene cartilaginous : leaves sparsely

stellate-hispid beneath ... ... 4. G. globulifera.

Fruit glabrous : mesocarp with thin pulp
and a few fibres : pyrenes 2 or 3, bony.

Leaves sparsely-stellate pubescent be-
neath : drupe not narrowed into a
pseudo-stalk... ... ... 5. G. latifolia.

Leaves glabrescent or pubescent be-
neath : drupe narrowed into a long
pseudo-stalk... ... ... 6. G. antidesmcefolia.

Leaves quite glabrous.

Basal nerves bold and reaching be-
yond the middle.

Fruit -5 in. long, furrowed, not

compressed ... .. 7. G. laurifolia.

Fruit 1*4 in. long, not furrowed,

compressed ... ... 8. G. calophylla.

Basal nerves slender, not reaching
to the middle: drupe '75 in. long 9. G. Miqueliana.

1 . Grewia, umbellata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42: FI. Ind. ii. 591 .
A shrubby climber 10 to 20 feet long ; whole plant except the upper sur-
faces of the leaves sparsely stellate-puberulous, the bark of the young

110 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. I,

branches dark- coloured. Leaves oblong-ovate or elliptic, shortly and
bluntly acuminate, minutely serrate; base rounded, 3-uerved; upper
surface glabrous ; the lower pale with the transverse veins prominent
and straight : lateral nerves about 3 pairs : length 3 to 4'5 in., breadth
1'5 to 2 in., petiole 25 in. Umbels pedunculate, axillary or terminal,
6 to 8-flowored ; the peduncle from "6 to 1 in. long, with a whorl of
small lanceolate glabrous bracteoles at its apex. Flowers • 75 in. long
when expanded ; their pedicels hirsute, unequal, from 2 to '5 in. long.
Sepals ribbed and tomentose outside, glabrous inside, linear-oblong,
reflexed. Petals much shorter than the sepals, oblong, each springing
from the back of a large orbicular claw with hirsute edges. Torus long,
ridged, tomentose. Fruit depressed-globular, obtusely 2- to 4-angled
and with 2 to 4 shallow lobes, pericarp sparsely stellate-puberulous ;
endocarp pulpy ; pyrene 2 to 4-celled ; its loculi 1-seeded, the endocarp
bony. Wight 1c. 83; Wall. Cat. 1084; Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind.
i. 385.

Malacca, Penang, Griffith, Maingay. Perak, King’s Collector, Wray.

Roxburgh has left an excellent coloured drawing of this in the
library of the Calcutta Herbarium, and there is no doubt about his plant.
I cannot agree in identifying with this G. pedicellata , Roxb., which that
author received from Amboyna : nor do I think that any Grewia from
the Peninsula of Hindustan is referable to this species

2. Grewia paniculata, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 591. A bushy tree 15 to
30 feet high: young branches scurfy stellate-tomentose, ultimately
glabrous, their bark brown. Leaves coriaceous, cuneate-obovate to
elliptic ; the apex blunt, shortly and abruptly acuminate, sometimes
3-lobed and unequal, obscurely serrate-dentate ; the base rounded, 3-
nerved ; upper surface powdered with minute sparse stellate pubescence,
the midrib and nerves tomentose : lower surface uniformly stellate-
tomentose; the veins transverse, little curved, bold; lateral nerves
4 or 5 pairs, ascending, rathor straight, prominent beneath : length 3 to
6 in., breadth 15 to 2'75 in. ; petiole 25 in., tomentose : stipules glabres-
cent, lanceolate, often united in pairs, rather shorter than the petioles.
Panicles 2 25 to 35 in. long, terminal or axillary, rusty-tomentose ;
bracteoles numerous, linear, sometimes bifid : branches spreading.
Flowers '25 in. long, the pedicels rather shorter. Sepals spreading,
concave, obovate narrowed to the base, the edges thin ; tomentose on
the outer, pilose on the inner, surface. Petals shorter than the sepals,
oblong, blunt, expanded at the base into a concave claw, hirsute especial-
ly outside. Torus cup-shaped, short, the lip tomentose. Ovary ovoid,
stellate-tomentose, 4-celled, each cell with several ovules. Fruit ob-

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Ill

ovoid, recurvod, with many curved striae, pericarp membranous, minute-
ly and sparsely stellate-pubescent, the mesocarp fibrous with an outer
layer of pulp : pyrene 1-celled, 1-seeded ; endocarp stony. Wall. Cat.
1097, partly; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 203; Mast, in Hook. fil. FI.
Br. Ind. i. 393. G. Blumei, Hassk. Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. xii. 130;
Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 203. Microcos tomentosa, Smith in Rees,
Cycl. G. afftnis, Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bog. 207, not of Lindl.

Singapore; Malacca, Maingay, No. 250. Griffith, No. 634 (Kew
Distrib.). Perak. Penang; common.

I retain for this plant the name adopted for it by Masters in
Hooker’s Floi’a of British India. But Blume’s G. paniculata (Bijdr.
115) was published seven years before Roxburgh’s. I have not seen
any specimen of Blume’s plant : but if it be the same as this, then
Blume’s name must be substituted for that of Roxburgh as the author
of the specific name. If Blume’s plant, however, be different from
Roxburgh’s, then some other name must be found for the latter. That
the plant above described is what Roxburgh meant to call G. paniculata,
his coloured drawing in the Calcutta Herbarium leaves no room for
doubt.

3. Grewia fibrocarpa, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 391. A
tree 15 to 40 feet high ; young branches, under surfaces of leaves,
petioles, inflorescence and fruit densely clothed with yellowish-brown
stellate tomeutum. Leaves membranous, ovate-oblong or elliptic, short-
ly and abruptly aouminate, minutely and obscurely serrulate, the base
rounded and boldly 3-nerved ; upper surface scaberulous, the midrib
and nerves tomentose, under surface softly tomentose ; the 5 to 7 pairs
of lateral nerves and the transverse veins rather prominent beneath :
length 4'5 to 9 in., breadth 1'75 to 4 in., petiole ‘25 to '5 in., stout :
stipules deeply and narrowly lobed. Panicles terminal and in the upper
axils, crowded, ‘5 to 2 in. long : involucres lanceolate, curved, tomentose.
Flowers - 25 in. long, their pedicels much shorter. Sepals obovate-
elliptic, very tomentose externally, the edges inflexed, sparsely pilose
internally. Petals minute, sub-orbicular, sometimes absent. Torus
short, hirsute. Ovary ovoid-globose, tomentose ; the style short, conical,
glabrous. Fruit soft, ovoid or obovoid, compressed, 1'25 in. long and
’75 in. in diarn., the pericarp membranous and densely tomentose out-
side, mesocarp fibrous and pulpy; pyrene small, solitary, leathery, 1-
celled, 1-seeded. G. paniculata, Wall. (Cat. No. 1097 partly) not of
Roxb.

Penang; Wallich, Curtis. Malacca; Griffith; Maingay, No. 248
(Kew Distrib,), Perak; Scortechini, King’s Collector, Wray. Common,

112 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

In the fruit both of this and of G. globulifera, the mesocarp forms
a thick pulp with many fibres intermixed, and the solitary pyrene is
small with a soft coat.

4. Grewia globctlifera, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 391.
A small shrubby tree ; young branches densely covered with short
yellowish-brown tomentuin. Leaves thinly coriaceous, broadly elliptic,
sometimes slightly obovate and unequal-sided, shortly and abruptly
acuminate, entire, the base rounded, boldly 3-nerved : upper surface
seaberulous, glabrous except the minutely tomentoso midrib and nerves :
under surface shortly and sparsely stellate- hispid : main nerves 7 to 8
pairs, spreading, prominent beneath, the transverse nerves rather thin,
the reticulations minute but distinct: length 4'5 to 10 in., breadth 3 to
6 in. ; petiole ’4 to '75 in., tomentose. Panicles often on long peduncles,
axillary and terminal, narrow, few-flowered, covered with soft yellowish
stellate tomentum : length 2'5 to 4'5 in. (of which the peduncle may be
more than half). Flowers - 35 in. long, their pedicels much shorter.
Sepals oblong, spreading, curved inwards, tomentose on both surfaces, the
edges much incurved. Petals much shorter than the sepals, glabrous,
linear- lanceolate, without any distinct claw but sometimes more or less
thickened and hairy at the base. Torus a very shallow cup with hirsute
edge. Ovary ovoid, pointed, tomentose ; style as long as the ovary,
cylindric, glabrous. Fruit usually solitary at the apex of a branch of
the panicle, sub-obovoid, compressed, P25 in. long and - 65 in. in diam. ;
pericarp membranous minutely tomentose, the mesocarp pulpy and
very fibrous ; the single pyrene much smaller, endocarp cartilaginous,
1-celled, l-seeded.

Malacca; Griffith, No. 635; Maingay, No. 245, (Kcw Distrib.) ;
Harvey. Perak ; Scortechini, King’s Collector, Wray ; at low elevations.

In its fruit this much resembles G . fibrocarp a. The drupe, however,
of this is obovoid not ovoid, and the stone is larger with cartilaginous
not membranous endocarp. The leaves also differ in being sparsely
shortly hispid-pubescent instead of softly tomentose. A near ally of
this species is also G. latifolia, Mast, from which this differs in its petals
having no distinct claw, whereas in those of G. latifolia the claw is
larger than the limb. This also differs in the shape of its ovary and
style, and in the very different appearance of its drupe.

5. Grewia latifolia, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 392. A
shrubby tree 20 to 40 feet high : young branches rather stout, minutely
but harshly tawny-or cinereous-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, drying
a dark brown, broadly elliptic, shortly and abruptly sub-acuminate,

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 113

entire, slightly narrowed to the rounded 3-nerved base : upper surface
glabreseent, the midrib sub-tomentose, lower surface rather sparsely
rusty stellate-pubescent t main lateral nerves 5 to 8 pairs, prominent
beneath as are the rather straight transverse veins : length 6 to 9 in.,
breadth 3'5 to 4'5 in. ; petiole '5 to 75 in. stout, tomentose. Panicles
short, axillary or terminal, rusty-tomentose 1'5 to 2'5 in. long and 1 in.
or more broad, few-flowered: involucres ovate-lanceolate. Flowers 2'5
in. long, their pedicels shorter. Sepals oblong, tomentose on both
surfaces. Petals shorter than the sepals, oblong, acute, the hirsute
claw larger than the glabreseent limb. Torus cup-shaped, with hirsute
margin. Ovary depressed-globose : style cyliudric, ptiberulous. Drupe
obovoid, '75 in. long and '5 in. in diam., pericarp at first sparsely pubes-
cent, afterwards glabrous, mesocarp fibrous and pulpy : pyrene single,
1-celled, 1 -seeded : endocarp bony.

Malacca; Griffith, (Kew Distrib.) 638/1; Maingay. Perak; King’s
Collector, Seortechini, Wray.

6. Grewia antidesmje folia, n. sp., King. A tree usually 30 to
40, but sometimes 50 to 60 feet, high : youug branches glabrous, their
bark cinereous. Leaves membranous, glabreseent when young, when
old quite glabrous, elliptic-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, entire,
the base usually cuneate but sometimes rounded, boldly 3-nerved;
lateral main nerves 5 or 6 pairs, little curved, ascending, prominent be-
neath ; length 4' 5 to 8 in., breadth 1'5 to 2'75 in.; petiole '4 to '6 in.
slender. Panicles pedunculate, axillary and terminal, slender, the
branches short, spreading, few-flowered, densely but minutely cinereous,
velvetty, 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers '25 in. long, their pedicels shorter.
Sepals elliptic, slightly obovate, their edges in the upper half much
incurved, tomentose outside, pubescent inside. Petals much shorter
than the sepals, oblong, blunt, the glabreseent limb about as long as the
broad thickened claw ; claw pilose behind, with hirsute edgos in front.
Toms cylindric, glabrous, with wide wavy hirsute mouth. Ovary ovoid-
globose, pilose when young, glabreseent when adult, shorter than the
cylindric glabrous style. Fruit pyriform, obtusoly 3-angled, narrowed
to a long pseudo-stalk, ‘75 in. long (including the narrowed portion)
about '35 in. in diam. ; pericarp glabrous, mesocarp slightly fleshy with
a thin fibrous iuner layor. Pyrenes 3, with bony endocarp, two of them
abortive and the third l-celled, 1-seeded.

Perak : at low elevations ; common, Seortechini, King s Collector,
Wray.

Var. hirsuta; young branches, lower surfaces of leaves, and ovary
pubescent to tomentose.

Perak ; King’s Collector.

15

114 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

7. Grewia laurifolia, Hook, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 392. A free
20 to 30 feet high ; all parts except the inflorescence glabrous : young
branches with dark-coloured bark. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-
lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate or acute, entire ; the base rounded
boldly 3-nerved : both surfaces shining ; lateral nerves 1 or 2 pairs,
alternate; length 4 to 6 in., breadth 1'5 to 2'5 in., petiole '5 to - 7 in.
Panicles terminal and axillary, 1’5 to 4 in. long, lax, few-flowered, pu-
bernlous : bracteoles few, linear, fugaceous. Flowers '2 in. long, their
pedicels about "15 in. Sepals ovate, concave, the edges much inflexed,
minutely tomentose on both surfaces. Petals much shorter than the
sepals, oblong, often absent. Torus cup-shaped, its rim hirsute. Ovary
globose, sub-glabrous, 4-celled. Style thick, cylindric, tapering, gla-
brous. Drupe ovoid, - 5 in. long, the pedicel about as long, with 1 or 2
vertical furrows, pericarp glabrous, endocarp fleshy and fibrous : pyrene
1 to 3-celled, but usually only one cell containing a single seed ; endo-
carp bony.

Malacca ; Griffith, Maingay. Penang ; Curtis. Perak ; Scortechini,
King’s Collector. Distrib. Sumatra.

8. Grewia calophylla, Kurz Andam, Rep, App. B. iii ; Plor,
Burm. i. 157. A tree 20 to 30 feet high : all parts glabrous except the
minutely velvetty tawny inflorescence : young branches slender, dark-
coloured, Leaves thinly coriaceous, shining, ovate-lanceolate to ovate-
elliptic, acuminate, entire; the base rounded or slightly cuneate, 3-
nerved ; lateral nerves 3 or 4 pairs, ascending ; transverse nerves
slender: length 4 to 7 in , breadth 1‘ 75 to 3 in., petiole '3 to '75 in.
Panicles pedunculate, axillary or terminal, few-flowered, 15 to 3 in.
long. Flowers '5 in, long, their pedicels very short. Sepals nar-
rowly oblong, the edges much incurved, minutely velvetty, much
reflexed. Petals about half the length of the sepals and much nar-
rower, lanceolate ; the limb subulate ; the claw ovoid, expanded,
thick and densely tomentose at the margin. Torus cylindric, puberulous
outside. Ovary ovoid, pointed, style long filiform, both puberulous.
Fruit obovoid, compressed, 1'4 in. long and - 75 in. in diam. ; pericarp
membranous, glabrous, shining ; mesocarp thick, pulpy and fibrous :
pyrenes 3, of which one is 2-oelled but contains only a single seed, the
others abortive ; the endocarp bony. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI, Br, Ind,
i. S92.

Nicobar Islands, Kurz : S. Andaman, Kurz, King.

This is very near 0. laurifolia, Hook, but has very much larger
fruit. A Malacca plant (Griffith, No. 630/2 Kew Distrib.) resembles
this in leaves but not in flower. The only specimens which I have
seen are too imperfect for determination.

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 115

9. Grewia Miqueuana, Kurz, in Flora for 1872, p. 398. A tree
20 to 40 feet high : young branches at first very sparsely and minutely
lepidote, afterwards glabrous, the bark dark brown. Leaves thinly
coriaceous, glabrons, shining, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, shortly
acuminate, entire, the base cuneate, faintly 3-nerved ; both surfaces
glabrescent soon becoming glabrous : main lateral nerves 5 or 6 pairs,
not prominent; length 3 to 5 in., breadth 1 to 1'75 in. ; petiole '2 to ‘3
in., scaly -tomentose ; stipules oblong, blunt, oblique. Paniales axillary
and terminal, lax, few-flowered, sparsely lepidote and puberulous, 1 to 2
in. long. Flowers '3 in. long, their pedicels very shoi't. Sepals ob-
lanceolate, acute, the edges inflexed, minutely tomentose. Petals much
shorter than the sepals, the glabrescent linear acute limb shorter and
narrower than the thickened rounded tomentose claw. lorus short,
cylindric, puberulous with villous edges. Ovary globose-ovoid, tomen-
tose, shorter than the cylindric glabrous style, 2-cel led. Drupe pyriform,
•75 in. long and ’5 in. in diam., glabrous : pericarp smooth, glabrous,
shining; mesocarp fibrous with a little pulp : pyrenes 2, each 1-celled,
one 1-seeded, the other barren : the endocarp bony. Inodaphnis lanceo-
lata, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 357; Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 89;
Meisn. in DC. Prod. xv. 1, 265.

Malacca; Maingay, (Kew Distrib.) No. 244. Perak; Scortechini,
King’s Collector, at low elevations. Dindings ; Curtis, No. 1613. Distrib.
Sumatra.

There is an authentic fruiting specimen in the Calcutta Herbarium
of Miquel’s Inodaphnis lanceolata collected in Sumatra. And there is
no doubt whatever that Kurz was right in referring the plant to Grewia.
Miquel founded his genus on specimens without flowers ; and, apparent-
ly from the structure of the fruit, he suggested its affinity to Inocarpus.
Later on he suggested (Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 89) its affinity with
the Rosaceous genera Chrysobalanus, Parastemon and Diemenia ( = Tri-
chocarya). Meissner in DC. Prod. (1. c.) briefly described the genus at
the end of Heriiandiaceae, but without indicating his opinion as to its
proper place. Had these distinguished botanists had an opportunity
of examining flowers, they would doubtless have referred it without
hesitation to Grewia. The practice (fortunately confined to a few au-
thors) of founding genera on specimens without flowers cannot be too
strongly condemned.

6. Tridmfetta, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs, generally more or less covered with stellate
hairs. Leaves serrate or dentate, simple or lobed. Flowers yellowish,
in dense (‘Vines. Sepals 5, oblong, concave. 1 etuis 5. Stamens 5-35,

116 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No; 1,

springing from a fleshy, lobed, glandular torus. Ovary 2-5-celled, cells
2-ovuled ; style filiform, stigma 5-toothed. Fruit globose or oblong, spiny
or bristly, indehiscent or 3-6-valved. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, pendulous,
albuminous embryo straight, cotyledons flat. Distrib. A genus of about
40 very variable species, mostly tropical weeds.

Fruit tomentose, bristles shorter than itself ... 1. T. rliombaidea.

„ villous „ longer „ ... 2. T. pilosa.

„ glabrous „ „ „ ... 3. T. annua.

1. Triumfetta rhqmboidea, Jacq. DO. Prod. i. 507 Erect, her-
baceous or shrubby, annual, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves polymor-
phous, but usually rhomboid, 3-lobed, coarsely and unequally serrate,
the upper more or less lanceolate ; length 175 to 3 in., breadth nearly
as much in the rhomboid, much less in the lanceolate forms ; petioles
•25 to 1'25 in. Peduncles short, 4 to 6-flowered. Flowers about '15 in.
long, the buds clavate. Sepals apiculate : petals oblong, ciliate at the
base. Stamens 8 to 15. Fruit about '2 in. in diam., globose, tomentose,
covered with short glabrous or pubescent hooked spines. Masters in
Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 395. T. angulata, Lam. Diet. iii. 41 ; Wight
Ic. t. 320 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 74 ; Thwaites Enum. 31 ; Dalz. & Gibs.
Bomb. FI. 25 ; Wall. Cat. 1075, 2, C ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. pt. i. 197.
T. angulata, (3. acuminata, Wall. Cat. 1075 (i. T. Bartramia, Roxb.
FI. Ind. ii. 463; Wall. Cat. 1075, D, E. T. trilocularis, Roxb. FI. Ind.
ii. 462 ; Wall. Cat. 1083. T. vestita, Wall. Cat, 1078, in part.

In all the provinces : a weed. Distrib. British India, Ceylon,
Malacca, Archipelago, China, Africa.

2. Triumfetta pilosa, Roth Nov. Sp., 233. Erect, herbaceous
or shrubby, annual; the whole plant, but especially the young branches
and the under surface of the leaves, villous, stellate -tomentose. Leaves ;
the lower broadly ovate, sometimes 3-lobed ; the upper ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, unequally and rather coarsely serrate or
dentate ; length 2 to 4'5 in., breadth 1 to 1 ’75 in ; petiole ‘5 to 1 in.
Stipules linear-subulate. Peduncles many-flowered, usually shorter than
the petiole. Calyx '25 in. long, sparsely hairy. Petals spathulate-
oblong, nearly as long as the calyx. Fruit globular, about '25 in. in
diam., villous, densely covered with spines longer than itself which are
hispid below, glabrous above, and usually hooked at the apex. W. & A.
Prodr. i. 74 ; Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 394. T. pilosa, var. /?, Thwaites
Enum. 31; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 25. T. tomentosa, Wall. Cat. 1078
C. T. glandulosa, Heyne Herb.; Wall. Cat. 1077, 5. T. polycarpa,
Wall. Cat. 1079. T. ohlongata, Link Enum. PI. Hort. Ber. ii. 5; Wall.

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 117

Cat. 1077, 1, 2, 3. T. ovata, DC. Prodr. i. 507 ? T. pilosa, Wall. Cat.
1080. T. pilosa, var. a, Tkwaites Enum. 31. T. vestita, Wall. Cat.
1078, 1, 2. T. indica, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 237, 1078 D ; W. & A Prodr.
i. 74. T. ohlonga, Wall, in Don. Prodr. 227.

Malacca, Singapore : Perak. King’s Collector, No. 989 ; and pro-
bably in all the provinces. Distrib. British India, Ceylon, Africa.

A common and rather variable weed. The bristles of the fruit are
usually hooked at the apex ; but in some specimens they are quite
straight. The species T. tomentosa, was founded by Bojer on specimens
collected in Mombassa, having straight fruit-bristles and the lower leaves
broadly oval or oblong and often 3-lobed. Many of the Indian forms
have been referred to that, but I think they might very well be included
in T. pilosa, and in the synonymy above quoted I have adopted this
view.

3. Trium fe': ta annua, Linn. Mant. p. 73. Annual, shrubby,
erect, 1 to 2 feet high ; the whole plant with sparse pale straight hairs,
the older parts glabrescent. Leaves thin, ovate-acuminate, coarsely
dentate, 3-nerved, 3 to 5 in. long, by 1'5 to 2 broad: petioles nearly 1'5
in. Stipules subulate, minute. Peduncles axillary, 3-flowered. Calyx
'25 in. long, nearly glabrous. Petals shorter than calyx. Stamens 10.
Fruit globose, pitted, glabrous, '2 in. across, bearing numerous smooth
glabrous thin hooked spines longer than the capsule. DC. Prod. i. 507 ;
Miq. FI. Ind. Bat, i. pt. 2, 196 ; Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 396. T.
polycarpa, Wall. Cat. 1079, partly. T. trichoclada, Link, ex DC. Prodr.
i. 507 ; Wall. Cat. 1082. T. indica, Lam. Diet. iii. 420 ?

Perak : a weed. Distrib. British India, Malay Archipelago, Africa.

7. Cobchorus, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs, more or less covered with stellate pubescence,
or glabrescent. Leaves simple. Peduncles axillary or opposite to the
leaves, 1-2-flowered. Flowers small, yellow. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5,
glandless. Stamens free, indefinite or rarely twice the number of the
petals, springing from a short torus. Ovary 2-6-celled, style short,
stigma cup-shaped. Capsule elongated, slender or subglobose, smooth
or prickly, loculicidally 2-5-valved, sometimes with transverse parti-
tions. Seeds numerous, albuminous, pendulous or horizontal ; embryo
curved. Distrib. 35 species, throughout the tropics.

Capsules globular ... ... ... 1. C. capsularis.

„ cylindric, 10-ridged ... ... 2. C. olitorius.

» ,, 6-winged ... ... 3. C. acutangulus .

118 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1 ,

1. Corchokus capsut.aris, L. sp. 746. Annual, shrubby, glabres-
cent. Leaves lanoeolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely
serrate, the base rounded and with 2 subulate appendages : length 2 to
4 in., breadth '75 to 1'5 in., petiole '5 in. or less ; stipules linear-subu-
late '25 to - 5 in. Capsules axillary, truncate-globose, ridged, wrinkled,
sub-muricate, 5-celled. Seeds few in each cell. DC. Prodr. i. 505 ;
Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 581; W. & A. Prodr. i. 73; Wall. Cat. 1071 A,

B, C; Wight. Ic. t. 311 ; Tbwaites Enum. 31; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.
FI. 25; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 194; Hook. til. FI. Br. Ind. i. 397.

C. Marua, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 6311. — Rumph. Amb. v. t. 78, f. 1.

Cultivated here and there in all the provinces for its fibre which
is known in commerce as “ Jute.” Doubtfully wild.

2. CorOHORTJS OMTORIUS, L. sp. 746. Annual, shrubby, glabrescent.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, the base rounded and with 2 subulate ap-
pendages: length 2 to 4 in., breadth '75 to 2 in., petiole '75 to 1*5 in., ;
stipules linear, ‘5 to 1 in. Capsules cylind ric, 10 ribbed, 5-celled, 2 in. long.
DC. Prod. i. 504; Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 581 ; W. & A. Prod. i. 73; Wall. Cat.
1072; 1, 2, 3, 4, D, E, F; Boiss. FI. Orient, i. 845; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.
FI. 25; Miq FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 195; Thwaites Enum. 31 ; Hook. fil.
FI. Br. Ind. i. 397. C. decemangularis, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 582 ; Wall.
Cat. p. 237, 1072 G.

Doubtfully wild : but occasionally cultivated in all the provinces
under the name of “ Jute.”

3. Corchorus acutangulus, Lamk. Diet. ii. 104. Erect, herba-

ceous, the stems with a broad line of pubescence interrupted and vary-
ing in position at the nodes, otherwise glabrous. Leaves ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate, the base rounded, with or with-
out subulate appendages, sparsely hairy on both surfaces ; length 15 to
2 in., breadth "75 to 1‘75 in. ; petiole '25 to '75 in. slender, villous at the
apex: stipules lanceolate, acuminate, "5 in. long. Capsules 1 to l - 5 in.
long, cylindric, 6-winged, with 3 terminal bifid beaks, 3-celled. DO.
Prod. i. 505; W. & A. Prodr. i. 73; Wall. Cat. 1069, 1074 D, E; Wight
Ic. t. 739; Thwaites Enum. 31 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 25; Miq. FI.
Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 194 ; Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 398. 0. cestuans ?

Ham in Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1074 C. C. fnseus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 ;
FI. Ind. ii. 582; Ham. in Wall. Cat. 1069.

Johore : at the base of Gunong Panti, King’s Collector, No. 180.
Distrib. India, Ceylon, Australia, Africa, W. Indies.

8. Trichospermcm, Blume.

Trees with penni-nerved, minutely stellate, puberulous leaves.

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 119

Flowers in axillary or terminal, umbellate, stalked cymes or panicles.
Sepals 5 valvate, thick. Petals 5, membranous with a scale atjthe base.
Stamens numorous, free, inserted on the inner surface of an annular mar-
ginally villous sub-crenate disk ; anthers broad, short, versatile, the
connective sub-orbicular. Ovary sessile, 2-celled, with numerous ovules
on axile placentas : style short, stigma expanded, papillose. Capsule
orbicular-reniform, much compressed at right angles to the dissepiments,
loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds sub-lenticular, with a thin
imperfect marginally villous arillus ; albumen fleshy ; embryo central
the cotyledons orbicular, foliaceous ; radicle straight. Distrib. 3 species
2 of which are Malayan and Polynesian,

1. Trichospermum Kurzii, King. A troe 40 to 60 feet high : bark
of young branches very dark-coloured, sparsely and minutely stellate-
pubescent when young, speedily glabrous. Leaves membranous, ovate-
elliptic, shortly acuminate, minutely serrate-crenate especially near the
apex ; the base rounded, sub-trunoate, sub-cordate, boldly 3-nerved :
lateral nerves about 4 pairs : the transverse veins sub-horizontal, curved,
bold : length 4 to 6 in., breadth 2 to 3 in., petiole about -5 in. Panicles
solitary, axillary or terminal, stalked, cymose, 2-3-ohotomous, much
shorter than the leaves when in flower, nearly as long when in fruit,
stellate-tomentose. Sepals oblong, acute, stellate-tomentose outside,
glabrous inside except a tuft of hairs at the base. Petals about the size
and shape of the sepals, glabrescent, with a fleshy scale at the base and
a transverse belt of long hairs above it. Ovary sessile, densely villous ;
style shorter than the ovary, cylindric, expanding upwards into the
broad papillose stigma. Capsule about - 75 in. long and slightly wider,
emarginate at the apex and crowned by the persistent style : pericarp
leathery, villous and dark-coloured ; inside white, shining and glabrous :
placentas broad, seeds sessile or shortly stalked, sub-lenticular, the long
hairs of the arillus forming a marginal ring, Biscagrewia nicobarica,
Kurz, Trim. Journ. Bot. for 1875, p. 325, t. 169.

Nicobars : Kurz, Perak; King’s Collector, Wray.

The genus Trichospermum was founded by Blumo for his single
species T. Javanicuin. The generic definition which I have given above
differs from that of Blume (Bijdr. 56), in these respects. Blume
describes (1) the aestivation of the sepals as imbricate ; (2) the style as
absent ; (3) the stigmas as two and emarginate. The definition also
differs from that given by Benth. & Hook. (G. P. i. 236) inasmuch as
these authors describe (1) the petals as naked at the base; (2) anthers
oblong ; (3) style almost none ; (4) stigma sessile, refuse ; (5) the apex
of the capsule produced into a short thick leathery expansion • (6)
leaves entire.

120 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

9. Emocabpus, Linn.

Trees. Leaves simple. Flowers usually hermaphrodite, rarely
polygamous, in axillary racemes. Sepals 5, distinct. Petals 5, usually
laciniate at the apex, rarely entire, springing from the outside of a
cushion-shaped, often 5-lobed torus. Stamens usually indefinite, never
less than 10, arising from the inside of the torus, and more or less ag-
gregated into groups opposite the petals and alternating with the glands
of the torus ; anthers innate, linear, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary
sessile, 2-5-celled, cells 2-many-ovuled ; style columnar. Drupe with a
single bony stone which is 3-5 or, by abortion, 1-celled. Seeds pendulous ,
1 in each cell, albumen fleshy ; cotyledons flat. Distrib. About 50
species chiefly in the Indian Archipelago and India ; a few in some of
the South Sea Islands, New Zealand, and Australia.

Sect. I. Ganitrus. Ovary and drupe 5-celled,
the latter globular.

Leaves glabescent or glabrous, without
stipules.

Leaves lanceolate ... ... 1 . E. Ganitrus.

,, ovate-oblong ... ... 2. E. parvifolius.

Leaves softly rusty-pubescent or tomen-
tose beneath, stipulate ..

Sect. II. Eu-elaeocarpus. Ovary 3-celled : longer
cell of anthers usually with an apical
tuft of minute hair ; petals cunei form,
fimbriate.

Leaves pubescent beneath, elliptic-
oblong

Leaves glabrescent beneath ; the midrib
pubescent.

Leaves ovate to elliptic-ovate, with
black dots beneath
„ narrowly lanceolate, not
dotted beneath...

Leaves quite glabrous everywhere.

Leaves with rounded bases.

Petals glabrous ...

„ glandular-pubescent ...

3. E. stipularis.

4. E. Scortechinii.

5. E. Wrayi.

6. E. salicifolius.

7. E. rohustus.

8. E. nitidus, var.

Icptostachyus.

Leaves with their bases much
narrowed.

Petals glandular-pubescent :
fruit ovoid or slightly ob-
ovoid, blunt

8. E. nitidus.

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 121

Petals glabrous except on tbe
edges : fruit ovoid-elliptic,
slightly apiculate ... 9. E. floribundus.

Sect. III. Monocera. Outer cell of anther
produced into an awn. Ovary 2-celled.

Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded.

Petals ovate-acuminate, entire ... 10. E. paniculatus.

Petals about equally wide at base and

apex; the apex toothed ... ... 11. E. petiolahis.

Petals wider at the base than the apex,
the edges much incurved below the
middle, the apex irregularly toothed
or fimbriate.

Apex of leaves acuminate.

Racemes longer than the
leaves : stamens 35 to 40 ... 12. E. GriffUhii.

Racemes usually shorter than
the leaves: stamens 20 ... 13. E. Hullettii.

Apex of leaves obtuse : stamens

about 15 ... ... 14. E. pedunculatus.

Petals oblong, slightly obovate, apex ob-
tuse with 6 to 8 broad teeth ... 15. E. Kunstleri.

Petals cuneiform.

Apex of petals with 8 to 10 rather
broad teeth, sometimes 2-lobed :
stamens 30 to 50 ... ... 16. E. obtusus.

Petals oblong-cuneiform to cunei-
form, with numerous fimbriae ... 17. E. apiculatus.

Petals broadly cuneiform, lobed and

fimbriate ... ... 18. E. aristatus.

Sect. IV. Acronodia. Flowers 4-merous, poly-
gamous ; anthers not awned and usually
not bearded (sometimes slightly bearded
in E. glabrescens ) .

Leaves sparsely and minutely pubescent
or puberulous beneath, their edges
serrulate ; petals elliptic, the apex
slightly lobed ... ... 1 9. E. polystachyus.

Leaves rufous-tomentose beneath, sub-

glabrescent only when very old,
edges quite entire, recurved ; petals
oblong, obtuse, 8 to 10-toothed 20. E. Jachianus.

16

122 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

Leaves rufous-pubescent on lower surface
when young : ultimately glabrescent
or glabrous ... ... ... 21. F. glabrescens.

Leaves glabrous at all stages.

Leaves acute narrowed at the base
into the petiole : fruit oblong-
ovoid, -5 in. long ... ... 22. F. punctatus.

Leaves acuminate (often caudate)
base not passing into petiole :
fruit ovoid-globose, '35 in. long... 23. F. Mastersii.

1. EL2E0CARPUS Ganitrus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 : FI. Ind. iii. 592.
A tree 30 to 60 feet high : branchlets with dark bark, cinereously pu-
berulons when quite young. Leaves membranous, lanceolate, acute at
base and apex, obscurely serrulate, glabrescent or glabrous: main
nerves 10 to 12 pairs, spreading, slender : length 3'5 to 5'5 in., breadth
1'25 to 2'25 in., petiole - 3 to '5 in. Racemes from the branches below
the leaves, drooping, shorter than the leaves, crowded, many-flowered.
Flowers '35 in. long, narrow and pointed in bud ; their pedicels rather
longer, puberulous. Sepals lanceolate, shorter than the petals, puberu-
lous outside, glabrescent inside. Petals obovoid, the base thickened,
rounded and puberulous at the edge ; the limb glabrous, laciniate for
more than half its length. Torus short, fleshy, wrinkled, pubescent.
Anthers about 30 to 35, sessile, slightly pubescent or glabrous ; the
cells slightly unequal, the longer with 1 (or sometimes 2) short white
terminal hairs. Ovary ovoid-conic, with deep vertical grooves, minute-
ly tomentose, 5-celled, each cell with about 4 ovules. Style much
longer than the ovary, thin, fluted, puberulous or glabrescent, thickened
towards the base. Fruit spherical, -75 to '9 in. in diam., glabrous,
bluish-purple ; the stone vertically 5-grooved, tubercled, 5-celled, often
only one cell containing a ripe seed. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind.
i. 400; Kurz FI. Burm. i. 13; Wall. Cat. 2660 A to D ; Dalz. & Gibs.
Bomb. FI. 27. Ganitrus sphcerica, Gsortn. Fruct. ii. 271, t. 139, f. 6 ;
Wight Ic. i. 66. — Rumph. Amb. iii. t. 101. F. cyanocarpa, Maing. in
Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 406.

Malacca ; Maingay, No. 263. Penang ; Curtis. Perak ; King’s Collec-
tor, Scortechini. Distrib. Java ; British India, in damp tropical forests
as far west as Nepal.

I have dissected flowers of the type specimen (Maingay No. 263) of
F, cyanocarpa, Maingay, and I can find no difference in them fi*om those
of the type sheets of F. Ganitrus in Wall. Cat. Roxburgh’s original
drawing of F. Ganitrus in Herb. Calc, is wrong as regards the petals,

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 123

which it represents as too broad and with too many fimbrim : other-
wise it is an equally exact representation of the Indian plant described by
him as E. Ganitrus, and of E. cyanocarpa, Maingay.

2. Eljiocaepus parvifolius, Wall. Cat, 2662 A & B. A tree 30
to 50 feet high : young branches at first minutely pubescent, ultimately
glabrous greyish-brown and minutely lenticellate. Leaves membranous,
ovate-oblong, rather bluntly acuminate, serrulate, the base cuneate :
upper surface shining, glabrous ; the lower dull of chocolate brown
colour, glabrous or glabrescent, the midrib and 5 or 6 pairs of curved
ascending nerves pubescent on both; length 2'5 to 4 in., breadth l'l to
1'4 in.; petiole '6 to '75 in., slender, puberulons. Racemes from the
branches below the leaves, rather shorter than the leaves, the rachis,
flower-pedicels and outside of calyx softly and shortly pubescent.
Flowers '3 in. in diam., their pedicels about '1 in., recurved, buds conical.
Sepals slightly shorter than the petals, lanceolate, pnberulous within
and 3-nerved. Petals cuneiform, slightly nerved, cut half-way down
into numerous narrow lacinia3, almost glabrous. Torus of 5 distinct,
broad, shallow, fleshy, grooved, pale, velvety glands. Stamens 15,
shorter than the petals, with short filaments ; the anthers scaberulous,
cells equal, obtuse, the outer sometimes with 2 or 3 minute pale apical
hairs. Ovary globose, 5-groovod, 5-celled, sparsely pubescent. Style
as long as the stamens, cylindric, faintly 5-grooved, glabrescent or gla-
brous. Fruit globose, sometimes ovoid-globose, '75 to 1 in. in diam. :
stone 5-celled, with fertile seeds in only 2 or 3 cells, ovoid, '7 in. long,
bluntly rugose, and with 5 very faint grooves from base to apex. 0.
Mull. Annot. de fam. Elasocarp. 24; Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 401.

Singapore ; Ridley, King’s Collector. Malacca ; Griffith, (Kew
Distrib.) 684, Maingay, 254. Penang and Singapore; Wallich, Curtis.
Perak ; King’s Collector, Scortechini.

3. Eljiocarpus stipularis, Blume Bijdr. 121. A more or less
rusty-pubescent tree 40 to 70 feet high : young branches thin, minutely
tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or acumin-
ate : the edges usually entire, slightly recurved when dry, sometimes
waved ; the base slightly cuneate, or sometimes rounded : upper sur-
face at first puberulous, ultimately glabrous, the midrib always pubes-
cent: lower softly rusty-pubescent : main nerves 9 to 12 pairs, spread-
ing, interarching close to the margin: length 3'6 to 6'5 in., breadth
1'75 to 2'5 in. ; petiole '5 to '75 in., minutely tomentose, not conspicu-
ously thickened at the apex ; stipules halbert-shaped, tomentose, fuga-
ceous. Racemes axillary and from the axils of fallen leaves, usually
shorter than, but sometimes as long as the leaves ; the raebises, pedicels

124 Gr. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

and outside of sepals minutely tomentose. Flowers - 35 in. in diam., their
pedicels '2 to '3 in. long ; buds sub-globose, obtusely pointed. Sepals
ovate-lanceolate, pubescent inside especially towards the base, the mid-
rib thickened. Petals longer than the sepals, cuneiform, lobed and cut
irregularly half-way into about 25 slightly unequal fimbriae, veined,
glabrous, the edges villous. Torus of 5 distinct, fleshy, sub-globose,
puberulous, transversoly oblong, truncate, 2-grooved glands. Stamens
25, about half as long as the petals : filaments about half the length of
the scaberulous anthers ; cells unequal, the longer with (but sometimes
without) an apical tuft of 4 or 5 stiff white hairs. Ovary ovoid-globose,
vertically 5-furrowed, tomentose, 5-celled. Style twice as long as the
ovary, conic-cylindric, pubescent at the thickened base, glabrescent
above. Fruit globose, smooth ; - 8 to 1 in. in diam. ; pulp thin : stone
very hard, thick, 1-seeded. Miq. FI. Ind. Bat, i. pt. 2, p. 209 ; Mast,
in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 404; Kurz FI. Burm. i. 170.

Malacca ; Griffith, No. 683, Maingay, No. 255, (Kew Distrib.).
Singapore, Malacca, Penang, Perak ; very common at low elevations.
Distrib. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Burmah.

Yar. latifolia, King. Leaves broadly elliptic to elliptic-oblong 5 to

7 in. long and 2'75 to 3'75 in. broad : petioles elongate, 15 to 2-75 in. ;
stipules lanceolate.

Perak; Scortechini No. 1991, King’s Collector, Nos. 4412, 8176,
10786.

4. Eljjocarpps Scortechinii, n. sp. King. A tree 30 to 50 feet
high : young branches and stipules as in E. stipularis. Leaves elliptic-
oblong otherwise as in E. stipularis except that the main nerves are only

8 to 10 pairs, and the under surface is only softly pubescent, not tomen-
tose : length 5-5 to 7'5 in., breadth 2'25 to 325 in. Flower pedicels
longer than in E. stipularis, and the flowers the same, except that the
ovary is 3-furrowed and 3-celled. Fruit oval, 1 to 1-25 in. long and ‘5
to "75 in. in diam., glabrous and smooth whon ripe, 1-celled, 1-seeded by
abortion.

Perak ; Scortechini, No. 1481 ; Wray, Nos. 1376, 1836, 2251 ;
King’s Collector, Nos. 3483, 10303.

This is one of the few plants to which the lamented Father Scor-
techini gave a manuscript name. He dedicated it to Jack: but as
Wallich’s species, dedicated to the same botanist, has long priority, I
name this after my deceased friend. In everything but its 3-celled
ovary and smooth oval fruit it agrees with E. stipularis, Bl.

5. Eljeocarpus Weati, n. sp., King. A small tree: leaf- buds,

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 125

young branches and inflorescence pale tawny-pubescent. Leaves ovate
to elliptic-ovate, shortly and bluntly acuminate, the margin cartilaginous,
sometimes crenate-serrate, the base always entire and rounded ; upper
surface glabrous, shining : the lower dull, pale but not glauoous, with
scattered black dots, glabrescent except the puberulous midrib and 6 or 7
pairs of rather prominent sub-ascending main nerves ; the reticulations
distinct, wide; length 2 "2 5 to 3' 75 in., breadth 1’25 to 1 ' 75 in.; petiole
'75 to 1'25 in., pubescent. Racemes mostly from the wood below the
leaves (a few axillary) more than half as long as the leaves. Flowers
"2 in. in diam., their pedicels - 1 in. long or less: buds ovoid, blunt.
Sepals lanceolate, sub-acute, outside tomentose, inside pubescent and
the midrib thickened; the edges not incurved. Petals broadly cun-
eate, glabrous, cut for a third or a fourth of their length into about
25 narrow fimbriae ; the base truncate. Torus of 5 distinct, fleshy,
oblong, truncate, several -grooved, velvety glands. Stamens 20 to 25,
shorter than the petals ; filaments less than half as long as the minutely
scaberulous anthers ; cells sub-equal, the longer sometimes with 2 or 3
short white hairs. Ovary globose, pointed, grooved, tomentose, 3-celled.
Style slightly longer than the ovary, conic-cylindric, pubescont at the
base, glabrescent above. Fruit ovoid-globular, glabrous, slightly
rugose, 1 to 1'25 in. long when ripe, and ’8 to - 9 in. in diam. : pulp
rather thin : stone bluntly rugose : putamen very hard, thick : 1 cell
with a solitary seed, the other 2 cells abortive.

Perak ; on Gunong Bubu at 5000 feet elevation ; Wray, No. 3857 :
Gunong Batu Pateh, Wray, No. 1107; Scortochini, No. 400.

This resembles E. parvifolius, Wall, in some respects; but its
leaves have more rounded bases, thoir nerves are rather more numerous
and the petioles longer ; the flower buds are blunt and not pointed as in
that species, and they are tomentose rather than pubescent; also
the stamens are more numerous and the ovary is 3 celled. This is found
moreover at much higher elevations than E. parvifolius which is found at
elevations under 1000 feet.

6. Eljjocarpps salicifoltus, n. sp., King. A tree 30 feet high :
young branches puberulous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, narrowly lanceo-
late, slightly oblique : acuminate, serrulate-crenulate oxcept at the entire
cuneate base; upper surface glabrous, shining, olivaceous when dry,
the midrib puberulous ; lower dull brown when dry, glabrescent, the
midrib puberulous : main nerves about 8 pairs, rather straight, sub-
ascending, slender; length 3 to 3'5 in., breadth - 7 to '9 in.: petiole
about - 5 in., puberulous. Racemes from the lower axils and from the
axils of fallen leaves, nearly as long as the leaves ; the slender rachises,

126 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

and pedicels pubescent. Flowers -25 in. in diam., the pedicels ‘15 to '2
in. Sepals lanceolate, spreading, hoary adpressed-tomentose outside,
pubescent inside, the midrib slightly thickened, the edges not incurved.
Petals a little longer than the sepals, cuneiform, contracted into a rather
narrow claw, divided more than half-way down into about eight 3-fim-
briate lobes, glabrescent outside, pubescent inside. Torus of 5 distinct,
subglobose, fleshy, externally grooved glands. Stamens 25, shorter than
the petals : filaments half as long as the minutely scaberulous shining
anthers : cells subequal, pointed, the upper with a minute apical tuft
of short hairs. Ovary globose, pointed, tomentose, 3-celled. Style
longer than the stamens, thick and tomentose at the base, cylindric and
glabrous above. Fruit unknown.

Singapore ; King’s Collector, No. 1207.

This approaches E. augustifolius, Bl. but has smaller more pubes-
cent petals, fewer stamens, and less glabrous leaves. It is also closely
allied to E. hypadenus, Miq., but has not the characteristic rounded
stipules of that species, and the leaf-venation is different. It is also
allied to E. parvifolius, Wall, from which it differs in its narrower leaves
with much more slender veins, and also by its 3-celled ovary.

7. El2EOCArpus robusttjs, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 ; FI. Ind. ii. 598.
A tree 40 to 60 feet high ; young branches rather stout, at first puberu-
lous ; afterwards glabrous, cinereous, lenticellate. Leaves thinly coria-
ceous, ovate-lanceolate to ovate, acuminate or acute, serrate almost to
the slightly narrowed rounded rarely cuneate base ; both surfaces gla-
brous, the upper shining ; the lower dull, slightly paler, the minute
reticulations rather distinct and the 10 to 12 pairs of spreading curving
nerves rather prominent: length 3' 5 to 9 in., breadth 175 to 35 in. ;
petiole 1 to 2'25 in., thickened at the apex. Racemes from the branches
beneath the leaves, and a few axillary, often nearly as long as the
leaves : rachis, pedicels and outer surface of the sepals pubescent.
Flowers '5 in. in diam., the pedicels slightly recurved and about '3 in.
long. Sepals lanceolate, glabrous inside except the incurved pubos-
cent edges, the midrib thick. Petals broadly cuneiform, much contract-
ed in the lower half, the base acute, cut half-way down into about 30
narrow fimbriae, glabrous except the puberulous edges. Torus of 5
fleshy, truncate, cushion-like velvety glands. Stamens 30 to 50, shorter
than the petals, scaberulous; the filaments curved, about one-fifth
the length of the anthers; cells subequal, the longer with a small
tuft of white hair at its apex. Ovary ovoid-globose, with about 6
shallow vertical grooves, tomentose, 3-celled. Style cylindric, longer
than the ovary, shorter than the petals, pubescent in its lower, glabrous

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 127

in its upper half. Fruit ovoid-globose, 1 to 125 in. long : stone oblong-
ovoid, rugose, slightly 3-grooved at base and apex, 3-celled. Mast, in
Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 402 ; Kurz FI. Burm. i. 169 ; Pierre FI. For.
Coch-Chine, t. 147 ; Wight Ic. t. 64 ; Wall. Cat. 2664. E. ovalifolius.
Wall. Cat. 2665 ; C. Mull. Annot. de fam. Elseocarp. 21. E. amygdalinus,
Wall. Cat. 6857. E. serratus, Wall. Cat. 2666 C. E. oblonga, Wall.
Cat. 2677. E. aristatus. Wall. Cat. 2665 B. ? Wall. Cat. 9027. E.
Eelferi, Kurz MSS. ; Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 402.

Penang ; Curtis. Pahang ; Ridley. Andaman Islands. Distrib.
British India, from Burmah to the tropical forests of the E. Himalaya.

8. Eljjocarpus nitidus, Jack Mai. Misc. Vol. i. No. 2, 41 ; Hook.
Bot. Misc. ii. 84. A tree 25 to 35 feet high ; young shoots deciduously
pulverulont-pubescent, speedily glabrous as are all other parts except the
inflorescence; young branches with blackish bark. Leaves thinly
coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, acuminate, crenate-ser-
rulate, (sometimes obscurely so) the base cuneate (rounded in var.
leptostachya) ; upper surface shining, the lower dull brown ; main nerves
10 to 13 pairs, spreading, forming slender arches a little short of the
margin : length 4*5 to 9 in., breadth 1*75 to 2*75 in. ; petiole 1*25 to 2
in. thickened at the apex. Racemes crowded on the old wood below the
leaves and rather more than half as long ; rachis, flower-pedicels, and
exterior of sepals sparsely puberulous. Flowers "35 in. in diam., their
pedicels recurved and rather shorter. Sepals shorter than the petals,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, puberulous and sometimes lenticellate outside,
puberulous inside and the midrib very thick. Petals cuneiform, finely
and irregularly laciniate for nearly half their length, the entire trian-
gular part with thickened nerves and truncate base, glandular-pubescent
especially at the edges. Torus of 5 truncate, sub-globular, fleshy, to-
mentose, cushion-like glands. Stamens 15 to 35 ; the filaments nearly
as long as the scabrid obtuse anthers : cells sub-equal, awnless, but
sometimes the longer with 2 or 3 small white hairs. Ovary globose,
slightly pointed, tomentose, 3-celled ; style longer than the ovary, slight-
ly thickened below and puberulous. Fruit ovoid, or slightly obovoid,
smooth, 1*5 in. long, and 1 in. in diam. when quite ripe : stone 3-celled,
only one cell bearing a perfect seed. Wall. Oat. 2670; Miq. FI. Ind.
Bat. i. pt. 2, p. 208 ; Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 401 ; Wall.
Cat., No. 2678 ( E . pedunculalus ) in part.

Penang; Jack, Curtis, No. 282, 463. Perak; King’s Collector, No.
4926.

The anthers are sometimes without any terminal hairs : sometimes
there are a few. I have seen no authentic specimen of J ack’s naming,

128 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

and nothing that I have dissected quite fits his description of E. nitidus,
of which he describes the stamens as 15 : whereas in the plants which
I refer to this species they vary from 15 to 35. Jack describes the
putamen as 5-ridged and 5-celled : I do not find more than 3 cells in tbo
ovary. In spite, however, of these discrepancies, I believe that Jack’s spe-
cimen above cited belongs to the species which he named E. nitidus.
Wallich’s specimen No. 2679 has leaves which do not well answer to Jack’s
description “ attenuate at the base.” They are only slightly attenuate,
and correspond rather with those of his own species E. leptostachyus
which is sufficiently distinct as regards the shape of its leaves to be main-
tained as a variety, though not in my opinion entitled to specific rank.

Var. leptostachya. Leaves elliptic-oblong to elliptic-rotund, acute,
the edge obscurely serrate-cronate, often sub-entire, the base rounded :
length 6 to 9 in., breadth 2'75 to 4'5 in. ; petiole 1 in. to T75 in., slight-
ly thickened at the apex. E. leptostachyus, Wall. Cat. 2672; C. Mull.
Annot. de fam. Eleeocarp. 23 ; Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 403.

Penang, Wallich; Perak; King’s Collector, Nos. 409, 4905, 10105,
10240 ; Scortechini, Nos. 195, 1752 ; Wray, No. 2313.

9. ELiEOCARPtrs floribun’dus, Blume Bijdr. 120. A tree 30 to 40
feet high : young shoots shortly silky ; otherwise glabrous, except the
inflorescence. Leaves thinly coriaceous ovate-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate
or oblanceolate, shortly acuminate, coarsely crenate-serrate,the base much
narrowed ; both surfaces shining, with a blistered appearance when dry :
main nerves 5 to 7 pairs ; length 3 to 5'5 in., breadth 1' 75 to 2 75 in.,
petiole 1 to 1'5 in., thickened at the apex. Racemes usually from below
the leaves, sometimes axillary, usually shorter than, but sometimes near-
ly as long as the leaves ; rachises, pedicels and outside of sepals puberu-
lous. Floivers - 4 in. in diam., their pedicels about ’35 in. long. Sepals
lanceolate, outside glabrescent and often pustulate ; inside glabrous
except the pubescent involute edge, the midrib prominent. Petals
cuneiform, lobed irregularly half-way down, the lobes divided into about
25 fimbriae, glabrous except the pubescent edges, the lower half veined
and thickened, often pustulate. Torus of 5 distinct, fleshy, oblong, sub-
globular, truncate, tomentose glands. Stamens about 30, shorter than
the petals, scaberulous, the filaments very short, the cells slightly un-
equal, the longer with a small apical tuft of white hair. Ovary ovoid-
globose, tomentose, 3-celled. Style longer than the stamens, cylindric,
puberulous in the lower, glabrous in the upper third. Fruit 1 in. long,
ovoid-elliptic and slightly apiculate when ripe, oblong and much api-
culate when young : stone narrowly ovoid tapering to each end, with
3 vortical grooves and many rather shallow largo ruga?, 3-collcd, one

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 129

or two of the cells sub-abortive, the walls thick. Mast, in Hook. fil.
FI. Br. Ind. i. 401 ; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 210 ; Kurz FI. Br. Burm.

1. 167; Pierre FI. Forest. Coch. -Chine, t. 143; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt.

2, 210. E. serratus, Roxb. (not of L.) FI. Ind. ii. 596. E. grossa, Wall.
Cat. 2661. E. serratus, Roxb. ex Wall. Cat. 2666 A, B. partly. E.
oblongus, Wall. Cat. 267 7 ; C. Mull. Annot. de fam. Elseocarp. 19, f. 30.
E. Ldbbianus, Turcz. in Mosc. Bull. 1858, 235.

The Nicobar Islands. Distrib. British India through Burmah to
the E. Himalaya, in tropical forests.

There is no doubt that this is the plant which Roxburgh described
as E. serratus, Willd.

10. Eljiocarpus paniculatus, Wall. Cat. 2663. A tree 15 to 30
feet high : all parts glabrous except the inflorescence, young branches
■with dark polished bark. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate or ob-
lanceolate-oblong to ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate ; the edges entire,
slightly wavy ; base slightly cuneate, sometimes rounded : both sur-
faces glabrous, the upper shining ; the lower paler and rather dull, the
reticulations distinct ; main nerves 5 to 7 pairs, sub-ascending, inter-
arching freely within the margin: length 4 ' 5 to 6’5in., breadth 1'65 to
2’ 75 in. ; petiole '8 to 2 in., glabrous. Racemes numerous, from the
axils near the apices of the branches, longer than the leaves, erect,
rachises puberulous, becoming glabi-ous : pedicels spreading, slender,
minutely pubescent, - 5 to 65 in. long. Flowers about ’5 in. in diam. ;
buds ovoid with long narrow points. Sepals ovate, acuminate, ad-
pressed-sericeous outside ; glabrous inside except the pubescent infolded
edges. Petals not longer than the sepals, ovate acuminate, entire, out-
side adpressed-sericeous, inside glabrous in the upper villous in the
lower half and especially on the thickened midrib and infolded edges.
Torus a shallow fleshy waved sericeous disk. Stamens 50, almost
sessile, nearly as long as the petals ; anthers sericeous, the cells sub-
equal, the outer with a rather thick terminal awn. Ovary narrowly
ovoid, sericeous, 2-celled. Style longer than the ovary, cylindric, gla-
brous. Fruit ellipsoid, blunt at each end, smooth, glabrous, bluish
when ripe, "4 to "5 in. long and '25 to '35 in. in diam. ; pulp rather
thick, slightly fibrous ; stone bony, minutely tuberculate, l-celled, 1-
seeded. 0. Mull. Annot. de fam. Elseocarp. 12 ; Mast, in Hook. fil. FI.
Br. Ind. i. 407. Monoceras leucobotryum, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 409.
Monocera Grif/Uhii, Mull. 1. c.

Singapore ; Wallich, Anderson. Malacca ; Griffith, Maingay (Kew
Bistrib.) No. 257. Perak ; Seortechini, King’s Collector ; common at low
elevations.

17

130 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

11. El®ocarpus petiolatus, Wall. Cat. 2673. A tree 20 to 40
feet high ; all parts glabrous except the inflorescence ; young branches
dark-coloured, about the thickness of a goose-quill. Leaves coriaceous)
elliptic to elliptic-oblong, acute or shortly and bluntly acuminate ;
edges entire : base slightly cuneate or rounded ; both surfaces shining,
the lower* slightly paler when dry, the r*etioulations sharply distinct on
both surfaces : main nerves 7 or 8 pairs, sub-ascending, curving and
interarching a little within the margin : length 4‘5 to 6'5 in., breadth
2 to 2 75 in. ; petiole 1*4 to 2*4 in. slender, dark-coloured, slightly thick-
ened at the apex. Racemes numerous from the old wood just below the
leaves, shorter than the leaves, rachises and pedicels deciduously puberu-
lous. Flowers *5 in. in diam., their pedicels '35 in. ; buds ovoid, rather
abruptly pointed. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, almost glabrous exter-
nally ; quite glabrous internally, the infolded edges alone pubescent, the
midrib thickened from base to apex. Petals about as long as the sepals,
oblong, the apex cut into 10 to 13 narrow glabrous teeth, the lower two-
tlurds sericeous, cucullate at the base from the infolding of the edges, a
large fleshy villous gland in the middle near the base with a quasi-cell
at each side of it, the hairs on the inner surface retroversed. Torus a
10-lobed fleshy glabrescent disk. Stamens 18 to 25, shorter than the
petals, with sericeous or glabrescent flat or sub-cylindric filaments much
shorter than the shortly puberulons anthers : apex of anther deeply
cleft, the outer cell with a sub-recurved thick awn shorter than the
filament. Ovary ovoid, pointed, glabrous, 2-celled. Style as long as the
stamens and much longer than the ovary, cylindric, grooved, glabrous.
Fruit elliptic, blunt at each end, smooth, '4 to '6 in. long, and '3 in. in
diam. : the pulp thin, with very few fibres ; stone very slightly rugose,
1-cellcd, 1 -seeded. Monocera petiolala, Jack Mai. Misc. i. No. v, 43;
ex Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 86 ; Cum. et Zoll. in Bull. Mosc. xix, 495.
Monoceras petiolatum, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, p. 212 ; Kurz FI. Burm.
i. 164 ; Pierre, FI. Forest. Coch.-Chine, t. 140. Flceocarpus Integra,
Mast, (not of Wall.) in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 408.

Malacca; Griffith No. 699; Maingay, No. 256, (Kew Histrib.) ;
Derry. Singapore; Hullett, King. Penang ; Curtis, No. 383. Perak;
Scortecliini, King’s Collector, Wray, very common at low elevations.
Distrib. Sumatra, Beccari, N. S. No. 668.

This is undoubtedly the Monocera petiolata of Jack ; that it is
the Flceocarpus Integra of Wall. (Cat. No. 2668) I very much doubt.
Wallich’s No. 2668 was collected in Silhet from which no specimen any-
thing like this has been collected since his day. In fact there is no
evidence to show that this species is found in any part of British India
(as distinguished from British Malaya), although Kurz includes it in his

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 131

Flora of Burmah. This species is a smaller tree than E. pedunoulatus,
which, however, it closely resembles, differing chiefly in the shape of the
leaves, the nearly glabrous sepals and in the larger number of stamens.
E. ovalis, Miq. (a species from Sumatra) must be very nearly allied to
this. I have seen only a fruiting specimen of E. ovalis, but, except in
having leaves of thicker texture and slightly larger fruit, I see little to
prevent its being referred here.

12. EniEOCAEPDS Gbxffithii, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 408.
A tree 30 to 40 or over 70 feet high, all parts glabrous except the in-
florescence ; young branches almost as thin as a crow-quill, dark-colour-
ed. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate,
the edges cartilaginous with shallow mucrouate crenulations, or sub-
entire with remote marginal black points, the base sub-euneate or
rounded : both surfaces shining, the reticulations minnte and distinct :
main nerves 5 or 6 pairs spreading, forking and interarching at some
distance from the margin, not prominent: leugth of blade 2o to 3'75
in., breadth - 9 to 1'5 in., petiole '5 to 1 in. Racemes from the upper
axils, longer than the leaves, rachises and pedicels softly and minutely
pubescent. Flowers '5 in. in diam. ; pedicels thickened at the apex,
'6 to - 8 in. long : buds ovoid-conic. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, finely
adpressed sericeous externally, glabrous internally except the pubescent
infolded edges and the thickened sometimes sericeous midrib. Petals
about as long as sepals, ovate, acuminate, the apex irregularly 2 or 3-
toothed with 2 or 3 lateral fimbrise, outside minutely adpressed-
sericeous, inside retroversed hirsuto especially on the large gland near
the base ; edges in the lower two-thirds much infolded so as to form with
the gland 2 quasi-cells. Torus a shallow, acutely 10-lobed, fleshy disk.
Stamens 35 to 40, shorter than the petals : filaments short, sericeous as
are the unequally 2-celled anthers : outer cell with a tapering awn y to J
of its own length, the inner with a few apical hairs. Ovary narrowly
ellipsoid, tapering, glabrous except a few silky hairs, 2-celled. Style
cylindric, grooved, glabrous, longer than the ovary. Fruit ellipsoid,
blunt at both ends, smooth, ’5 in. long and '3 in. in diam. : pulp thin
with a few fibres; stone slightly rugose, l-celled, 1-seeded, Kurz in
Joum. As. Soc. Beng. pt. 2, for 1870, p. 68; for 1874, pt. 2, 123; For.
Flora Burm. i. 164. Monocera tricanthera, Griff. Not. pt. 4, 518, t. 619,
fig. 3. Monocera Griffithii, Wight 111. i. 84, (not of Mull.). Monocera
holopetala, Zoll. et Cum. Bull. Mosc. xix, 496. Monoceras odontopeta-
lum., Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Supp. 409.

Malacca; Griffith, Maingay, No. 257/2 (Kew Distrib.). Perak, at
low clovations ; King’s Collector, Wray. Penang; King’s Collector.
Distrib. Tonasserim, Heifer, No. 714, Kew Distrib.

132 G\ King — Materials for a Flora 'of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

13. Ed*ocarpus Hulletth, n.- sp., King. A tree 30 to 40 feet
high : young branches very slender, dark-coloured ; all parts glabrous
except the inflorescence. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate ; edges slightly cartilaginous, entire or remotely
and obscurely serrate ; the base runoate or rounded : both surfaces
shilling, the reticulations minute, elongate and rather distinct on the
lower ; main nerves 7 or 8 pairs curving, interarching within the edge,
rather faint; length of blade 2'5 to 3 in., breadth - 75 to 14 in. ; petiole
•65 to '9 in,, slender. Racemes from the leaf-axils below the apex,
crowded, usually shorter than, but sometimes as long as, the leaves, the
rachises glabrescent or puberulous, the pedicels silky puberulous.
Flowers '3 in. in diam., their pedicels ’35 in. long. Sepals linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate ; externally adpressed-pubescent ; internally glabrous
below, puberulous near the apex and on the infolded edges. Petals
ovate, concave at the base, narrowed to the 10 to 12-fimbriate apex ;
outside glabrous, inside villous on the much-thickened base of the mid-
rib, otherwise puberulous. Torus very shallow, deeply 10-lobed, serice-
ous. Stamens 20, slightly shorter than the petals : filaments nearly as
long as the minutely scaberulous anthers, outer cell with tapering awn
nearly as long as itself. Ovary ovoid, pubescent, 2-celled. Style as
long as the petals and much longer than the ovary, subulate, puberulous
below, glabrous above. Fruit ellipsoid, blunt at each end, smooth, '6
in. long, '35 in. in diam. ; pulp thin, very slightly fibrous : stone rugulose,
rather thick, bony, 1-celled, 1-seeded.

Singapore; Hullett, No. 132. Penang; Curtis, No. 1091, King’s
Collector, No. 1475. Perak, on low hills; Scortechini, King’s Collector.

A species not unlike E. Oriffithii, Wall, but with smaller flowers
and much shorter racemes.

14. Eijeocarpus peduncuI/Atus, Wall. Cat. 2678 in part. A tree
40 to 80 feet high : glabrous except the inflorescence : young branches
nearly as thin as a crow-quill, polished, dark-coloured ; their apices and
the older branchlets rough and thickened. Leaves coriaceous, oblanceo-
late or narrowly elliptic-oblong, obtuse or slightly narrowed at the apex,
the base very cuneate ; the edges cartilaginous, remotely-mucronate
crenate- waved, slightly recurved when dry : both surfaces shining: the
lower very slightly the paler and with the minute reticulations distinct ;
main nerves 5 to 7 pairs, interarching at some distance from the edge ;
length of blade 3 to 4’5 in., breadth 1'25 to 18 in., petiole ’75 to 1 ’2 in.
Racemes axillary but mostly from axils of fallen leaves, 3 or 4 in. long,
rachises and pedicels hoary-pubescent. Flowers '3 in. in diam., buds
narrowly ovoid, sub-acute ; pedicels l-ecurved, slightly longer than the

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 133

flowers. Sepals lanceolate, sub-acute, minutely adpressed-sericeous
externally, almost glabrous internally except the pubescent inverted
edges, the midrib equally thickened from base to apex. Petals slightly
longer than the sepals, oblong, expanded at the base, the apex broad,
cut into 10 to 15 cylindric filiform glabrous fimbriae one-fourth of the
length of the petals : lower part sericeous on both surfaces but especial-
ly on the inner (where the hairs are reversed), cucullate with the edges
much infolded, and with a large basal gland at each side of which is an
imperfect cell. Torus a fleshy deeply 10-lobed glabreseent disc.
Stamens about 15; slightly shorter than the petals, filaments pubescent,
less than half the length of the puberulous sub-equal anthers : outer
cell with a short sub-recurved awn. Ovary ovoid, pointed, smooth,
glabrous, 2-celled. Style as long as the stamens, cylindric, grooved,
glabrous. Fruit ellipsoid, blunt at each end, '5 in. long and '3 in. in
diam., 1-celled, 1-seeded ; pulp rather thin, slightly fibrous, stone minute-
ly rugulose, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 408.

Singapore; Wallich, Ridley. Malacca; Griffith, No. 698, Maingay
No. 258 (Kew. Distrib.). Penang; Curtis, No. 256. Perak; Scortechiui,
King's Collector, Nos. 269, 690“, 10831.

Miquel’s Monocera Palembanica, from Sumatra, judging from the
only authentic specimen which I have seen (and which has no flowers),
if not identical with this must be a very closed allied species. Under
his Catalogue, No. 267,8, Wallich issued two species, the above described
as F. pedunculatus, and another which is clearly E. nitidus, Jack.

15. El*ocaeptjs Kunstleri, n. sp , King. A tree 50 to 70 feet
high : young branches as thick as a goose-quill, polished, thickened and
rough at the apex : all parts glabrous except the inflorescence. Leaves
coriaceous, rotuud-obovate, the apex broadly obtuse, sometimes with a
short broad apiculns, rather abruptly narrowed from below the middle
to the acuminate base ; both surfaces, shining, glabrous ; main nerves
about 10 pairs, ascending, interarching freely inside the entire or cre-
nate-serrate edge : prominent beneath ; the reticulations rather faint ;
length 5 to 8 in., breadth 2’75 to 3'75 in., petiole ’5 to ’7 in., pubescent.
Baesmes crowded from the axils of fallen leaves and a few axillary, less
than half as long as the leaves, 6 to 9-flowered : rachises and pedicels
slender, puberulous, glabrous when old. Flowers ’6 in. in diam., their
pedicels '5 in. or more long. Sepals lanceolate, sub-acute, pubescent on
both surfaces, the midrib thickened and villous at the base inside.
Petals about as long as the sepals, oblong slightly obovate, obtuse, thick-
ened in the lower half, the apex with 6 to 8 rather broad teeth, ad-
pressed-sericeous outside, densely villous inside. Torus a shallow

134 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

toothed villous cup. Stamens 28 to 30, shorter than the petals ; fila-
ments nearly as long as the minutely scaberulous anthers, swollen in the
lower half, the apex of the outer anther-cell with a short recurved awn.
Ovary ovoid, pointed, tomentose, 2-celled. Style cylindric, as long as
the petals, puberulous below, glabrous at the apex. Fruit unknown.

Perak ; at elevations under 1000 feet, King’s Collector, No. 8328.

A species near E. apiculatus, Mast, but with broader, blunter leaves
more abruptly attenuated to the base and quite glabrous, also with
smaller flowers.

16. Eljjocarpus obtusus, Blume Bijdr. 125. A tree 30 or 40
feet high : young shoots minutely pale pubescent, ultimately glabrous.
Leaves coriaceous, oblong-obovate, the apex rounded or retuse, gradually
narrowed from above or below the middle into the acute or acuminate
base ; the edges sub-entire or with shallow mucronate crenations ; upper
surface glabrous, shining ; the lower minutely puberulous at first, ulti-
mately glabrous, the reticulations very minute and rather distinct ;
main nerves 6 to 8 pairs, sub-ascending, not much curved, rather pro-
minent below, scrobiculate at their origin from the midrib ; length 4’5
to 6 5 in., breadth 2 25 to 2’75 in., petiole "75 to 11 in. Racemes axil-
lary, sometimes from the axils of fallen leaves, less than half as long as
the leaves, few-flowered ; rachises and pedicels puberulous when young,
often nearly glabrous when old. Flowers '9 in. in diam ; their pedicels
slender, '75 to 1 in. long. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, outside minutely
pubescent, inside sparsely adpressed-sericeous, the midrib thickened.
Petals longer than the sepals, cuneiform, the base rather broad ; the
lower third thickened and its edges infolded, the apex with 8 to 10
rather broad teeth sometimes 2-lobed, sericeous on both surfaces but
especially on the thickened lower third. Torus a wavy, sub-10-toothed,
fleshy, sericeous cup. Stamens 30 to 50, shorter than the petals : the
filaments slender, slightly swollen in the lower half, as long as the
pubescent anthers ; outer anther cell with a thin tapering awn about as
long as itself. Ovary ovoid, sericeous or pubesceut, 2-celled. Style
tapering, cylindric, nearly as long as the petals, slightly grooved,
puberulous. Fruit ovoid, oblong, not pointed, 1'5 in. long, and '9 in.
in diam., smooth : stone boldly tuberculate, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Mono-
ceras dbtusum, Hassk. Tijds. Nat. Gesch. xii. 136; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. i.
pt. 2, p. 212. E. Monoceras, Cav. (fide Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind.
i. 405). E. littoralis, Kurz (not of Teysm. and Biun.) in Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. 1874, pp. 132, 182 ; For. FI. Burm. i. 167.

Malacca; Griffith, (Kew Distrib.) No. 700. Perak, at low eleva-
tions; King’s Collector, Nos. 1096, 4671 ; Scortechini 1396. Pahang;
Ridley, 1312. Distrib. Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Burmah.

1891.] G. King — Materials fur a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 135

E. Monoceras, Cav. to which Dr. Masters reduces this, was founded
by its author on specimens from the island of Luzon. The species, how-
ever, is not given in the latest Flora of the Philippines (that of Sig.
Vidal) ; and, as the original description of Cavanilles does not quite
agree with the flowers of the Perak specimens, I think it safer not to go
farther back them Blunre’s name, leaving it to be settled hereafter
whether E. obtusus, Bl. is really the same plant as the Philippine E.
Monoceras. The Perak plant is closely allied to E. littoralis, T. B. (for
which Kurz mistook it) ; and also to the smaller-flowered Sumatran
E. cuneifolius, Miq.

17. Eljiocarpus apiculatus, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 407.
A tree 50 to 60 feet high : young branches glabrous, their apices much
thickened, rough and puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, obovate or ob-
lanceolate-oblong, slightly narrowed to the obtuse, sub-acute, or shortly
apiculate apex, and much narrowed to the base, the edges sub-entire or
with coarse shallow crenations ; both surfaces glabrous, shining, the
midrib on the lower glabrescent when young ; under surface pale, the
reticulations minute, rather distinct ; main nerves 12 to 14 pairs, slightly
prominent beneath and interarching freely within the margin, not
scrobiculate ; length 7 to 10 in. ; breadth 2 5 to 3 - 75 in., petiole 3 to 1
in., thickened at the apex. Racemes few, mostly from the axils of
fallen leaves, usually about a fourth but sometimes half the length of
the leaves ; the rachises and pedicels softly pubescent. Floivers ‘9 in.
in diam. ; buds oblong, sub-obtuse or pointed, their pedicels '75 to 1'25
in. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, rufous-pubescent outside, glabrous or
glabrescent inside, tho edge infolded and pubescent, the midrib thickened
from base to apex. Petals slightly longer than the sepals, oblong-
cuneiform to cuneiform, cut from one-fourth to one-fifth of their length
into numerous rather broad fimbriae ; externally adpressed-sericeous
in the lower half, glabrous in the upper; internally thickened and
villous in the lower, glabrous in the upper, half. Torus a shallow
fleshy puberulous cup. Stamens 30 to 40, half as long as the petals ;
filaments shorter than the minutely scaberulous anthers, bulbous at the
base : outer anther-cell with short or long apical recurved awn. Ovary
ovoid, rufous-tomentose, pointed, 2-celled. Style as long as the petals,
conic-cylindric and pubescent in the lower half, filiform and glabrous
in the upper. Fruit (fide Masters) “ 1 in. long, resembling the fruit of
a Diospyros.” Terminalia moluccana, Wall, (not of Lemk.) Cat. 3969.

Penang; Wallich. Malacca; Gi’iffith, Maingay, No. 262 (Kew.
Distrib.). Perak; Scortechini, King’s Collector; common at low ele-
vations.

136 G. King — Material s fur a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

Allied to Fj. Kunstleri, King and to E. rugosus, Roxb. In fact I
am inclined to believe that it is merely a form of the latter, from which
it should not be separated specifically. Dr. Prain has called my atten-
tion to Wallich’s sheet No. 3969, which is unmistakeably this species,
and has nothing to do with Terminalia moluccana, Lamk. which is T.
Gatappa, Linn.

18. Emsocarpcs aristatus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. : FI. Ind. ii. 599.
A tree 30 to 60 feet high : young branches of about the thickness of a
swan’s quill, smooth, thickened and rough towards the apex. Leaves
thinly coriaceous, obovate, shortly and bluntly apiculate, remotely cre-
nate-serrate, narrowed to the base, glabrous on both surfaces ; main
nerves 7 to 10 pairs, slender, curving, scrobiculate at the origin from
the midrib; length 6 to 8’5 in., breadth 2 75 to 3 75 in., petiole '5 to '7
in. Eocenes axillary and from the axils of fallen leaves, often nearly as
long as the leaves, 3 to 5-flowered, rachises and pedicels puberulous or
glabrous. Flowers nearly 1 in. in diam. ; buds cylindric, pointed ; pedi-
cels '8 to 1'25, or longer in fruit. Sepals as in E. apiculatus. Petals
also as in E. apiculatus but broadly cunoiform, and lobed as well as
fimbriate. Stamens 50, otherwise as in E. apiculatus. Ovary less vel-
vety, but otherwise as in E. apiculatus. Fruit ovoid, smooth, 1'25 to
F4 in. long and 8 to 9 in. in diam., pulp rather thick; stone oblong,
flattened, pointed at each end, rugose, slightly ridged in the middle of
each side, 1 in. long. 1-celled, l-seeded. Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind.
i. 405. E. rugosus, Wall. Cat. No. 2659 (not of Roxb.).

Andaman Islands ; King’s Collector. Distrib. Brit. India in
Burmah, Chittagong, Sylhet, Assam, Khasia Hills and base of Eastern
Himalaya.

This is very closely allied to E. rugosus, Roxb. — a species originally
discovered by Roxburgh in Chittagong, but specimens of which from
that province are very rare in collections. The plants distributed under
this name by Wallich as No. 2659 of his Catalogue were not collected
there but in Sylhet, while some of them were taken from trees cultiva-
ted in the Botanic Garden, Calcutta. They are not E. rugosus at all,
but E. aristatus, Roxb. ; and they differ from true E. rugosus in having
their young branches thinnerand smoother; and in leaves which are always
glabrous, not so gradually nan-owed to the base and with much longer
petioles. Their racemes are also more numerous, the petals more broad-
ly cuneiform and the stameus more numerous, (50 as against 30 to 40).
The pulp of the fruit is thicker in Andamans specimens of this than in
those from Sylhet and Assam ; and the stone is proportionately smaller.
There is in Assam and Burmah a plant closely allied to this which has

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 137

smaller leaves with very large scrobiculse on tlie lower sm’face at tlie
junction of the petioles with the midrib. This has been named F.
simplex by Kurz, (FI. Barm. i. 165.) A similar form occurs in Travancore
and has been named E. venustus by Beddome (Flora Sylvatica, t. 574).

19. Elsocarpus polystachyus, Wall. Oat. 2671. A small tree :
young shoots rather stout, minutely tawny-tomentose. Leaves coriace-
ous, pale when dry, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, abruptly and shortly acumi-
nate ; the edges rather remotely serrulate except at the base, sub-entire
when old ; the base broad, rounded ; upper surface glabrous ; the lower
sparsely and minutely sub-adpressed puberulous, the midrib pubescent
main nerves 7 to 10 pairs, ascending, curving, prominent beneath, the
reticulations minute, faint : length 5'5 to 7'5 in., breadth 2'25 to 3'5 in. ;
petioles 2'5 to 4 in., minutely tawny-tomentose, slightly thickened at
the apex. Racemes slightly longer than the petioles ; the rachises,
pedicels and outside of sepals densely minutely tawny-tomentose.
Flowers '35 in. in diam., their pedicels - 4 in., recurved, buds sub-globose.
Sepals ovate, acute ; inner surface glabrous, except the pubescent edges,
the midrib thickened. Petals elliptic, little longer than tho sepals, the
apex obtuse, sometimes slightly lobed, not fimbriate : villous on both
surfaces, the hairs on the inner reversed. Torus of 5 retuse thin densely
villous glands. Stamens half as long as the petals : filaments nearly
as long as the hispid-pubescent anthers ; cells subequal, awnless, beard-
less. Ovary ovoid, blunt, densely villous, 2-celled. Style about as long
as the ovary, puberulous. Fruit oblong, blunt, ‘6 in. long and *35 in. in
diam., smooth, glabrous ; stone minutely but sharply rugose, 1-celled,

1- seeded, pulp thin and slightly fibrous. C. Mull. Annot. de fam.
Eleeocarp. 20, f. 13; Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i. 403.

Singapore ; Wallich, Hullett, Ridley. Malacca ; Maingay, Nos. 264,
266, (Kew Distrib.).

20. El.*ocarpus Jackiancs, Wall. Cat, 2679. A tree 40 to 80
feet high : young branches stout, densely rufous-tomentose. Leaves
coriaceous, ovate-oblong to elliptic, rarely oblong-ovoid, shortly acumi-
nate oi’ acute, edges entire, recurved ; the base l’ounded or slightly
nari’owed: upper surface rather dull and pale when dry ; glabrous, the

midrib alone sometimes pubescent, the lower softly rufous-tomentose,
becoming sub-glabroscent when very old, the minute reticulations dis-
tinct; main nerves 8 to 10 pairs, sub-ascending, driving, prominent on
the lower, impressed on the upper, surface : length 4 to 7 5 in., breadth

2- 5 to 4’5 in. ; petiole F75 to 3 in., stout, thickened at each end, tomen-
tose. Racemes crowded on the branches below the leaves, sometimes

18

138 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

axillary, shorter than the petioles, the rachises pedicels and outside of
sepals softly rufous-tomentose. Floivers - 25 in. in diam. ; their pedicels
about "25 in. long, recurved. Sepals 4, ovate, acute; inside puberulous
with infolded tomentose edges, the midrib thickened. Petals 4, very
little longer than the sepals, oblong, slightly obovate, obtuse, shortly
8- to 10-toothed, villous outside, glabrescent inside, the edges villous.
Torus a shallow infous-villous cup. Stamens about 12, shorter than the
petals, scaberulous, the filaments about half as long as the anthers ;
anther-cells slightly unequal, pointed, the longer sometimes with, but
usually without, a minute tuft of white hail'. Ovary (absent in most
flowers) ovoid-oblong, glabrous, imperfectly 2-celled, one cell only
perfect. Fruit ovoid, tapering at each end, smooth, shining; pulp thin,
slightly fibrous : stone sharply rugulose, crustaceous, 1-celled. 1-seeded.
Monocera ferruginea, Jack Mai. Misc, ex Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 86.

Singapore ; Jack, Kurz. Penang ; Curtis, No. 465. Malacca ; Griffith,
No. 693 ; Maiugay, No. 259, (Kew Distrib.). Perak; King’s Collector ;
common at low elevations.

This species approaches E. glabrescens, Mast, but is larger in all
its parts and much more persistently tomentose. This is unrepresented
by any Wallichian specimen at Kew, and is therefore referred toby
Masters in the Flora of Brit. India only in a note (i. 409).

21. Eljiocakpcs glabkeScens, Mast, in Hook. fil. FI. Br. Ind. i.
403. A tree : young branches and petioles densely rufous-tomentose.
Leaves coriaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; edges entire,
slightly revolute ; base rounded or slightly narrowed ; upper surface
glabrous, the midrib pubescent ; lower surface at first rufous-pubescent
ultimately glabrescent or glabrous, the reticulations minute but distinct :
main nerves 5 or 6 pairs, prominent beneath, spreading, curved : length
2’5 to 3'5 in., breadth 1'2 to 1'6 in. ; petiole 1*25 to 1 • 75 in., slightly
thickened at the apex, glabrescent when old. Bacemes rather longer
than the petioles, axillary and from the axils of fallen leaves ; rachises
and pedicels sparsely pubescent. Flowers ’25 in. in diam., the pedicels
about 2 in. long, recurved. Sepals 4, sub-erect, ovate-lanceolate, thick-
ened at the base, pubescent outside, glabrescent inside with puberulous
edges, the midrib thickened. Petals 4, slightly longer than the sepals,
oblong, the apex obtuse and with 6 to 12 short unequal teeth : pubescent
outside, glabrescent inside, the edges shortly villous. Torus a very
shallow villous cup. Stamens 10 or 12, shorter than the petals : filaments
short : anthers scaberulous, the cells slightly unequal, slightly pointed,
usually without small apical tufts of minute hair. Ovary (absent in
many flowers) ovoid, glabrous, 1-celled. Style short, conic, glabrous.
Fruit. ( fide Masters) the size of a cherry, 1-celled, 1-seeded.

1891.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 139

Malacca ; Maingay No. 256 (Kew Distrib.). Penang; Stoliczka; on
Government Hill at 2,500 feet, Curtis, No. 1092.

The Malacca and Penang specimens agree with a specimen at Kew
which Miquel has named E. tomentosus , Bl. The two species are no
doubt close together : hut Blume describes the leaves of his E. tomen-
tosus, as “ setaceous-denticulate ” which is not the case here. This tree
appears to be uncommou, for Herbarium specimens of it are very few.

22. Elasocaepus punctatuS, King, n. sp. A small tree ; all parts
glabrous except the puberulous inflorescence ; young branches thicker than
a crow-quill, rough. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, acute, the edges
cartilaginous, cronate or serrate, sometimes with a short seta on each
tooth, the base much narrowod into the petiole, entire : both surfaces
shining ; main nerves 8 to 10 pairs, slender but distinct beneath as are
the reticulations : length 175 to 3 in., breadth '5 to 1*1 in. ; petiole ‘25
to -3 in., channelled in front. Bacemes axillary and from the axils of
fallen leaves, much shorter than the leaves ; rachises and pedicels pu-
berulous, becoming glabrescent. Flowers '25 in. in diam., their pedicels
■2 in., recurved. Sepals 4, oblong-lanceolate, sub-acute, puberulous on
both surfaces, the edges thickened and pubescent but not recurved :
midrib thickened inside. Petals 4, obovoid-oblong, apex obtuse with 5
to 7 short broad teeth, glabrous. Torus a shallow wavy pubescent cup.
Stamens 8 to 12; filaments less than half as long as the scaberulous
obtuse beardless awnless anthers: the cells sub-equal. Ovary ovoid,
glabrous, slightly grooved, 2-celled. Style about as long as the ovary,
eylindric, grooved, puberulous. Fruit oblong-ovoid, pointed, narrowed
to both ends, glabrous, shining, pale, '5 in. long and '25 in. in diam. ;
pulp thin, and slightly fibrous ; stone crustaceous, sharply rugose, 1-
celled by abortion, 1-seeded. Elaeocarpus Acronodia, Mast, in Hook. fil.
FI. Br. Ind. i. 408 in part. Acronodia punctata, Bl. Bijdr. 123; Miq. FI.
Ind. i. pt. 2, p. 213.

Perak; on Ulu Batang Padang, at 5000 feet, Wray. Malacca.
Distrib. Java, Sumatra.

The leaves cf specimens from Java and Sumatra are larger than
those from Perak and have numerous black dots on the lower surface,
whereas those from Perak have no such dots. In other respects the
specimens agree : but the Perak material which I have as yet seen is
scanty. The plant issued by Wallioh as E. punctatus, (No. 2676 of his
Catalogue) is not the Acronodia punctata of Blume, but an altogether
different plant. Walliclvs specimens are very bad, and Dr. Masters
(FI. Br. Ind. i. 406) suggests that perhaps the leaves are those of a
Pterospermum ; in reality they belong to a species of Parinarium.

140 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1, 1891.

23. Elsiocarpus Masteesii, King. A tree 30 to 50 feet high :
young branches as thin as a crow-quill, smooth, puberulous; otherwise
glabrous excopt tho inflorescence. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, often caudate ; the edge
slightly cartilaginous, remotely and faintly serrato, the base cuneate ;
both surfaces shining and with the rather transverse reticulations
distinct; main nerves 6 to 8 pairs, faint, spreading, interarching with-
in the edge : length of blade 2'75 to 4'5 in., breadth '8 to I t in. ; petiole
■5 to ‘75 in., slender. Racemes few-flowered, less than half as lono 1 as
the leaves, from the axils under the apex ; rachises and pedicels puberu-
lous, becoming glabrous. Flowers '2 in. in diam. ; buds narrowly ovoid,
pointed. Sepals 4, ovate-lanceolate, subacute, puberulous or glabrescent
outside : glabrous inside on the lower, often puberulous in the upper
half and slightly on the infolded edges. Petals 4, oblanceolate or nar-
rowly cuneate, the rounded apex with about 15 short teeth, thickened
towards the base, -veined, glabrous. Torus a very shallow wavy pubes-
cent disk. Stamens 8 or 9, shorter than the petals, filaments nearlv as
long as the snb-scaberulous anthers ; the cells blunt at the apex, awn-
less. Ovary (absent in many flowers), ovoid, blunt, glabrous, 2-eelled.
Style about as long as the ovary, thick, cylindric, grooved, glabrous.
Fruit ovoid-globose, the apex slightly pointed, smooth, -35 in. long and
•25 in. in diam. ; pulp thin and without fibres : stone smooth, cartilagi-
nous, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Flaeocarpus Acronodia, Mast, in Hook. fil. Pi.
Br. Ind. i. 401, in part (excl. syn. Acronodia punctata, Bl.).

Malacca; Griffith, No. 681; Maingay, No. 261, (Kew Distrib.).
Singapore; Hullett, Ridley. Perak; common at low elevations, Kino-’s
Collector, Scortechini, Wray.

This is a true Acronodia allied to A. punctata, Bl. ( = Flaeocarpus
punctatus, King, not of Wall.) but is distinguished by its less acuminate
longer petiolate leaves, slightly difierent flowers and smaller more glo-
bose fruit. This occurs at low elevations and is a tree whereas the
other is a shrub and is found as high as 7000 feet.

Excluded species.

El^ocarpus punctatus, Wall. Cat. 2676 is, (as Kurz pointed out)
no Eheocarpus but a Parinarinm. Maingay’s Nos. 621 and 621/2 (Kew
Distribution) seem to be conspecific with it.